RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WARM UP What is the structure

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WARM UP: What is the structure and function of your lungs?

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS 1. Exchange gases (O 2 and CO 2) 2. Produce vocal sounds 3. Sense of smell 4. Regulate blood p. H

Respiration - process of gas exchange 1. Movement of air into lungs 2. External respiration - between blood and air 3. Gas transport in blood 4. Internal respiration - between blood and body cells

6. 4. U 1 Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries. http: //highered. mheducation. com/sites/007249585 5/student_view 0/chapter 25/animation__gas_excha nge_during_respiration. html

Inspiration vs. Expiration

Why do we need oxygen? Cellular respiration = cells use oxygen and sugars to create energy in the form of ATP *ATP is then used to power cellular processes MITOCHONDRION

Overview of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Tract – nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx Lower Respiratory Tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

* Fun Fact: deviated septum – when the septum bends to one side, results in the nose being crooked. * Fun Fact: Plastic surgeons repair this by breaking and re-setting the bone.

Pharynx – behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx (space, not a structure) nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Larynx – enlargement at the top of the trachea, houses vocal cords composed of muscles and cartilages -thyroid (Adam’s apple), -cricoids, -epiglottic cartilage

Glottis – triangular slit that opens during breathing/talking, and closes during swallowing Epiglottis – flaplike structure that stands upright, allows air to enter larynx, it closes during swallowing

Trachea (windpipe) - flexible cylinder with cartilage that carries oxygen into the bronchial tree and the lungs

Bronchioles have air sacs called alveoli which are connected to the circulatory system via capillaries

LUNGS - spongy tissue that sit within the chest cavity

Right Lung = 3 lobes Left Lung = 2 lobes Cardiac notch - space for heart Serous fluid lubricates lungs during breathing

Resting Tidal Volume = amount of air that enters the lungs during one cycle *take a normal breath Vital Capacity (lung capacity) - the amount of air that can be forced in or out by taking a deep breath. *take a deep breath *In this lab, we use balloons to estimate vital capacity.

NON RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS Coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying Hiccup - spasm of the diaphragm Yawn - possibly causes by low oxygen levels

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 760 Hg Pressure is necessary for breathing, which is why it is difficult to breathe in high altitudes and also why a punctured lung can be dangerous. Pneumothorax = collapsed lung A hole in the pleural cavity can cause the lung to collapse or deflated. Sometimes called a punctured lung. It’s not the lung that is punctured, it’s the pleural cavity.

Collapsed lung can be caused by an injury to the lung such as a gunshot or knife wound to the chest. It can also occur due to changes in atmosphere (scuba diving, mountain climbing. . ) Lung diseases can also increase the chance of getting a collapsed lung. These include: ● Asthma ● (COPD) ● Cystic fibrosis ● Tuberculosis

Thoracentesis to remove 1200 cc of Pleural Fluid - not for those with a weak stomach!

16. 4 Control of Breathing is involuntary, but muscles are under voluntary control Respiratory Center – groups of neurons in the brain that control inspiration and expiration - in the medulla and the pons

Medulla Rhythmicity Area Dorsal Respiratory Group (rhythm) Ventral Respiratory Group (forced) Pneumotaxic Area (pons) - inhibits respiration

Factors that can Affect Breathing *Chemosensitive areas – detect concentrations of chemicals like carbon dioxide and hydrogen 1. Rise in CO 2 2. Low blood oxygen 3. Emotional upset, fear and pain

Hyperventilation - increased breathing, lower CO 2 concentration Breathing into a bag can restore CO 2 concentrations

Respiratory Membrane Gas exchange occurs across a membrane - a layer of simple squamous cells Oxygen DIFFUSES into the bloodstream Other substances (like alcohol can diffuse too)

Hypoxia is a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen content within the body's tissue and vital human organs (specifically the brain). Hypoxia has several potential causes, including: cardiac arrest, severe head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, strangulation, and choking, as well as any instance in which oxygen supply is deprived from the body. Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs.

ILLNESSES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Cystic Fibrosis - hereditary disease, mucus clogs the lungs, making it difficult to breathe and causing infections If both parents are carriers, what is the chance they will have a child with the disease? Ff x Ff

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is an obstruction of the airways that occurs with chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.

SMOKING IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF COPD & EMPHYSEMA

Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs, irritated tissues produce mucus Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs.

Emphysema affects the alveoli

What is sleep apnea? Pause or slowing of breathing during sleep Video on Sleep Apnea

Lung Cancer Lung cancer starts when abnormal cells grow out of control in the lungs. There usually are no signs or early symptoms of lung cancer. As lung cancer stages advance, lung cancer symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and bloody mucus.

ALTITUDE SICKNESS Acute mountain sickness is brought on by reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concentrations. Symptoms can range from mild to lifethreatening, and can affect the nervous system, lungs, muscles, and heart. http: //sometimes-interesting. com/2011/06/29/over 200 -dead-bodies-on-mount-everest/ Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, which leads to shortness of breath

Asthma inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of sticky secretions inside the tubes. People with asthma experience symptoms when the airways tighten, or fill with mucus. Common asthma symptoms include: ● Coughing, especially at night ● Wheezing ● Shortness of breath ● Chest tightness, pain, or pressure

Bacteria / Viral Infections Pneumonia Tuberculosis Influenza Rhinovirus

Whooping Cough (Pertussis) Causes serious coughing and gasping for breath, dangerous for infants.

Should vaccinations be required for all children?

Career: Respiratory Therapist 2014 Median Pay $56, 730 per year $27. 27 per hour Typical Entry-Level Education Associate's degree or Bachelor’s degree Number of Jobs, 2014 120, 700 Job Outlook, 2014 -24 12% (Faster than average) PROGRAM AT SWIC

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