RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH

RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH MASTITIS Martin van der Leek SCC Fluctuation Epi/Econ Survey LOGIX database Epidemiology & economics of mastitis Cow level data 10 years 2, 3 million rows! Alf Lategan, BVSc MSc (Vet epi) Geoff Fosgate, BSc, DVM, Ph. D Henk Hogeveen, MSc, Ph. D Leenaerts (Wageningen) Nicolene Schlimmer MSc (Agric) Inge-Marie Petzer Lab Data VETDIAGNOSTIX Deltamune Allerton National database Student? Current • Resistance patterns in mastitic milk samples • Resistance patterns in high SCC samples • Staph aureus Proposed • Survey of 20 farms with decreased resistance over time • Biofilm • Gene work Milker training CD’s

RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH MASTITIS Martin van der Leek SCC Fluctuation LOGIX database Cow level data 123 herds Herd size from 16 to 1141 cows EC (14), FS (31), GA (5), KZN (11), LI (3), MP (10), NW (7) & WC (42) by district 10 years 2, 3 million rows! SA Weather Service monthly averages Alf Lategan, BVSc for MSc (Vet epi) Geoff Fosgate, BSc, DVM, Ph. D (Statistician)

Somatic cell counts of milk from Dairy Herd Improvement herds during 2012, 2012 H. D. Norman, T. A. Cooper, and F. A. Ross, Jr. , Agricultural Research Service, USDA, AIPL RESEARCH REPORT SCC 14 (2 -13) Milk yield per cow was highest in the spring and declined through the summer months; SCC increased from May through Aug and then declined quickly from Sep through Nov. The highest quality milk was produced in Nov and Dec.

Temporal Trends in Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count and Total Bacterial Count in Irish Dairy Herds During the Past Decade, D. P. Berry, B. O’Brien, E. J. O’Callaghan, K. O. Sullivan and W. J. Meaney, J. Dairy Sci. 89: 4083– 4093, 2006. Bulk tank SCC were the lowest in April and highest in November (seasonal calving). The bulk tank SCC decreased between 1994 and 2000, but it is on the increase again.

Association of season and herd size with somatic cell count for cows in Irish, English, and Welsh dairy herds, Simon C. Archer, Finola Mc Coy, Wendela Wapenaar, Martin J. Green, The Veterinary Journal, 2013. Increasing herd size was associated with a non-linear increase in cow SCC in these countries, highlighting an important area that may influence cost effective dairy herd expansion.

RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH MASTITIS Martin van der Leek Survey Epidemiology & economics of mastitis Henk Hogeveen, MSc, Ph. D Leenaerts for MS (Bus Econ) (Wageningen) Nicolene Schlimmer MSc (Agric)

Mastitis and Milk Quality Problem Identification with Cause and Effect Diagrams, Dairy Diagnostics Toolbox, Univ. of Minnesota Extension

v Milking procedure Ø Consistent Ø Teat dipping v Equipment cleaning & prep v Hospital v Manure & bedding v Training & retraining v SOP’s & CCP’s v Teamwork & feedback v Health & Immunity COW Ø Nutrition Ø Cow comfort v Environmemt Ø Manure management Ø Bedding STAFF Quality Milk EQUIPMENT v Vacuum system v Pulsation Ø Check pulsators often v Rubberware Ø Replace regularly v. Milk storage & cooling v Cleaning Ø Water temp. & chemicals Martin van der Leek, BVSc, MS Integrated Dairy Management, Texas, USA MASTITIS v v v v Identification Separation Evaluation Treatment Withhold Subclinical mastitis Dry cow treatment RECORDS

Mastitis Protocols, Dairy Today, March 2014 “Critical behaviours that are believed to reduce the use of unproductive antibiotic therapy for mastitis, such as recording all treatments (47%), review of treatment records to identify previous treatments (42%) and bacterial culture of milk from clinical mastitis cases (15%) were reported as ‘always or frequently’ done, ” says Ron Erskine, veterinarian at Michigan State University.

Motivation of Dairy Farmers to Improve Mastitis Management, N. I. Valeeva, T. J. G. M. Lam and H. Hogeveen, J. Dairy Sci. 90: 4466– 4477, 2007. Two-stage cluster analysis of individual perceptions resulted in 3 distinct clusters according to motivation of farmers: 1) premium- or penalty oriented motivation, motivation to have 2) an efficient (well-organized) farm that easily complies with regulatory requirements, and 3) basic economic motivation. The obtained results highlight possible areas of improvement in incentive and educational programs aimed at improving mastitis management.

Evaluation of two communication strategies to improve udder health management, J. Jansen, R. J. Renes and T. J. G. M. Lam, J. Dairy Sci. 93 : 604– 612, 2010 A) Comprehensive tools such as instruction cards, treatment plans, checklists and software were developed, vs. Strategy aimed at B) adopting a single management practice to increase the use of milking gloves during milking. First option adopted by motivated vs second by unmotivated dairymen.

Trends In Therapeutic and Prevention Strategies for Management of Bovine Mastitis: An Overview, Jully. Gogoi Tiwari, Charlene Babra, Harish Kumar Tiwari, Vincent Williams, Sharon De Wet, Justine Gibson, Adrian Paxman, Eleanor Morgan, Paul Costantino, Raju Sunagar, Shrikrishna Isloor and Trilochan Mukkur, Vaccines & Vaccination, 2013 The 1) continuing revolving shift in the predominant etiological agents of mastitis, depending upon a multitude of factors such as 2) variability in hygienic practices on farms, easy access leading to 3) overuse of appropriate or inappropriate antibiotics at suboptimal concentrations, particularly in developing countries, and 4) lack of compliance with the recommended treatment schedules.

Treatments of clinical mastitis occurring in cows on 51 large dairy herds in Wisconsin, Wisconsin L. Oliveira and P. L. Ruegg, J Dairy Sci, 2014 Antimicrobial drugs were used on all herds and many cows received extra-label treatments. Farmers and veterinarians should work together to create protocols based on the herd needs considering reduced inappropriate and excessive use of antimicrobials.

Characterization of clinical mastitis occurring in cows on 50 large dairy herds in Wisconsin, Wisconsin L. Oliveira , 1 C. Hulland , and P. L. Ruegg, J Dairy Sci, 2013 Cases from which no microbes were recovered represent approximately 30% of all milk samples; further studies should determine optimal management of these cases.

TEN MYTHS OF MASTITIS THERAPY, THERAPY Ron Erskine, NMC-PDPW Milk Quality Conference Proceedings, 2001 1. Once a Staph aureus cow, always a Staph aureus cow. 2. It doesn’t pay to treat clinical mastitis / All clinical mastitis cases should be treated. 3. Oxytocin and stripping is the way to treat. 4. Keep on treating a clinical mastitis case until the milk returns to normal. 5. Commercial infusion tubes today aren’t as good as the old days. 6. A double dose of tubes is better. 7. Extra label products are more effective.

TEN MYTHS OF MASTITIS THERAPY, Ron Erskine, NMC-PDPW Milk Quality Conference Proc, 2001 8. If after two treatments there are still clots and flakes, I need to switch to a new antibiotic. 9. First generation cephalosporins and synthetic penicillins are more effective treatments for clinical mastitis because they are active against Gram-positive pathogens and coliforms. 10. My mastitis therapy program is doing OK even if I don’t keep records. I’ll just do what the (choose one or all): a) other farms are doing, b) what I read about in the trade magazine, c) my vet or local feed mill has in stock, or d) what I used for the last cow that I treated.

RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH MASTITIS Martin van der Leek Collate Lab Data VETDiagnostix Deltamune Allerton Student? National Database

RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH MASTITIS Inge-Marie Petzer Current • Resistance patterns in mastitic milk samples • Resistance patterns in high SCC samples • Staph aureus Proposed • Survey of 20 farms with decreased resistance over time • Biofilm • Gene work Milker training CD’s

Trends in udder health and emerging mastitogenic pathogens in South African dairy herds, I-M Petzer, J Karzisa, J C Watermeyera, T J van der Schansa and R van Reenen, JSAVA (2009) 80(1): 17– 22 Changes in udder pathogens that occurred over the 11 -year period were pronounced. Of particular importance was that the number and type of microorganisms isolated from milk samples and information on the field pathogenicity of the isolates could be determined. It also became evident that contagious mastitis is still responsible for 49% of mastitis cases.

Bovine Mastitis Pathogens and Trends in Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs, Subcommittee of the NMC Research Committee, Ron Erskine, Jim Cullor, Mel Schaellibaum, Bob Yancey and Alfonso Zecconi, NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings (2004) Scientific evidence does not support a widespread, emerging resistance among mastitis pathogens to antibacterial drugs. Controlled studies have not determined, on a pharmacodynamic basis, which drug therapeutic regimens may increase this risk, or for that matter, help to decrease it.

Report on antimicrobial resistance in livestock in the Netherlands, Netherlands the Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), 2016 The low prevalence in the dairy sector is explained by the low use of antibiotics and the absence of group treatments (E coli). Part VI. Antibiotic management and resistance in livestock production, M M Henton, H A Eagar, G E Swan, M van Vuuren, Jl S. Afr. Vet. Ass. (2009) 80(1): 17– 22 Infection control. Dairy cattle pose a special problem.

RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH MASTITIS Martin van der Leek SCC Fluctuation Epi/Econ Survey LOGIX database Epidemiology & economics of mastitis Cow level data 10 years 2, 3 million rows! Alf Lategan, BVSc MSc (Vet epi) Geoff Fosgate, BSc, DVM, Ph. D Henk Hogeveen, MSc, Ph. D Leenaerts (Wageningen) Nicolene Schlimmer MSc (Agric) Inge-Marie Petzer Lab Data VETDIAGNOSTIX Deltamune Allerton National database Student? Current • Resistance patterns in mastitic milk samples • Resistance patterns in high SCC samples • Staph aureus Proposed • Survey of 20 farms with decreased resistance over time • Biofilm • Gene work Milker training CD’s

Managing Milk Quality (Countdown 2020) Background: Udder health and milk quality is important to farm productivity and profitability. It impacts: Cow production; Payments for milk; Animal welfare; Labour requirements; Genetic gain and replacement rates/herd expansion; and Base farm costs. Dairy Australia’s Countdown project is an investment in mastitis and milk quality control. After years of reducing Bulk Milk Cell Counts, the industry is now experiencing a creeping increase. Climate change and its impacts on farming systems and weather conditions may be contributing factors.

Project objectives: To protect and improve profitability for dairy farmers and the industry through managing milk quality. Targets are: 97% of annual average herd bulk milk cell counts (BMCC) below 400, 000 cells/ml, (the 400, 000 cells/ml threshold relates directly to the EU directive EEC 92/45 on milk quality); 70% of herd BMCC below 250, 000 cells/ml; 90% of farmers can access resource to effectively manage raw milk microflora, and; Chemical residue risks are lessened and result in no loss of market access. Note absence of reduction of AMR as an objective.

Project scope: Countdown promotes better udder health, milk quality and dairy farm profitability through: Mastitis management guidelines; Technotes Web-based and smartphone resources, and Customised training. Countdown is introducing strategies to better manage onfarm raw-milk microflora and residual chemicals. The project is investigating control measures for Mycoplasma infections, an emerging problem in large dairy herds that can be harmful to udder health, milk production and animal welfare.

Student stipend through June of 2016: R 45 000 Survey translation: R 4 000. 00 Survey software: R 8 187. 54

RESISTANCE TO AVAILABLE ANTIBIOTICS IN LACTATING COWS WITH MASTITIS Martin van der Leek SCC Fluctuation Epi/Econ Survey LOGIX database Epidemiology & economics of mastitis Cow level data 10 years 2, 3 million rows! Alf Lategan, BVSc MSc (Vet epi) Geoff Fosgate, BSc, DVM, Ph. D Henk Hogeveen, MSc, Ph. D Leenaerts (Wageningen) Nicolene Schlimmer MSc (Agric) Inge-Marie Petzer Lab Data VETDIAGNOSTIX Deltamune Allerton National database Student? Current • Resistance patterns in mastitic milk samples • Resistance patterns in high SCC samples • Staph aureus Proposed • Survey of 20 farms with decreased resistance over time • Biofilm • Gene work Milker training CD’s

Planned for 2016 1) Analysis of SCC data 2) Submit of survey to MPO membership by end of March with telephonic follow-up 3) Farm visits to verify survey data & collect additional data from June through August 4) Analyse survey data from October through December 5) Evaluate mastitis laboratory data systems to prepare for collation (after appointment of postgraduate student)

Cause and Effect diagrams Milkers No Training offered Supplies Milking Procedure Damp teats Dirty teat ends Papers towels Short prep time High SCC Dirty cows BT culture High Env. Streps Bedding culture High Env. Streps Stall Comfort & bedding mgt. Milking Equipment Air slips