Researching the Literature Outline Scholarly literature and the

Researching the Literature

Outline § Scholarly literature and the research process | Activity • Research Article vs Review Article § Search Tool | Activity • Develop a search - PICO • Hands-on with Pubmed § Citing

Learning Outcomes § You will be able to: | | Distinguish between research and review articles Create a search strategy based on the PICO framework Search for information using Pubmed Identify citation elements in order to format citations

The Scientific Method § § § Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Report Research Question Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Report

Scientific Information Timeline Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary Sources ? ? ? Grey Sources ? Popular Sources ?

Scientific Information Timeline Primary Sources Research Articles Secondary Sources Tertiary Sources Books/e. Books Review Articles Encyclopedia Entries Dictionary Entries Grey Sources Government Publications Organization Publications Theses Popular Sources News Articles Blog Entries

Peer-review Process

Peer-review Process § A panel of experts in a field evaluate an article’s quality, validity, and relevance in its field § An article can be | Accepted | Require revisions | Rejected § Manuscript submissions and decisions

IMRa. D Format

IMRa. D Format • Usually involves several consistent sections: • Introduction - outlining the purpose of the research, including a short summary of past research in the area • Methods - explaining the experimental procedure • Results - relaying and analyzing the experimental data • Discussion - explaining trends found in analysis, potential sources of error, and further directions in the area • Theoretical and modelling papers may not have these sections

Pub. Med

Activity 1 – Pub. Med Interface Research vs Review § Working in pairs, discuss and decide whether each article is a research or review article (10 min) § List of articles in Pubmed http: //tinyurl. com/pubmedlist § We will discuss as a group (10 min)

Reading strategies § What is the best section of an article to read first?

Reading strategies Novice Expert § § § § Title Abstract Discussion/Conclusion Introduction Results References Methods Title Abstract Results –table/graphs Discussion/Conclusion References Introduction Methods

Search – an iterative process § Write your topic out as a sentence or question § Identify the main ideas (concepts) § Think of synonyms for each concept (search terms) § Use the search terms to build a search strategy § Find and evaluate the results § Repeat the search with new search terms that you discover

Identifying the Concepts - PICO § PICO – framework to help create a search | Population/Patient | Intervention/Issue | Comparison | Outcome

PICO Population/Patient Intervention/Issue/Action § § § Treatment § Program Age Disease Sex Race Comparison Outcome § No treatment § Different treatment/program § § Mortality Symptoms improvement Prevention Uptake

Question § Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?

Question § Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? § P § I § C § O

Question § Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? § P - youth § I § C § O

Question § Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? § P - youth § I - advertising e-cigarettes § C § O

Question § Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? § P - youth § I - advertising e-cigarettes § C - no advertising § O

Question § Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? § P - youth § I - advertising e-cigarettes § C - no advertising § O - start smoking

Synonyms P I youth e-cigarette ? ? advertising C O no advertising smoking

Synonyms P youth I e-cigarette adolescent e-cigarettes teenagers electronic cigarettes advertising C O no advertising smoking

Search Tips § Phrase searching | Quotations - “electronic cigarettes” § Truncation | Asterisk (sometimes other symbol) – teen* § Boolean operators | AND • Many databases don’t need AND, it is assumed • The more terms you AND together, the fewer results you find | OR • Used to combine synonyms • The more terms you OR together, the more results you find • Use brackets when using synonyms with OR

Synonyms with Boolean Operators AND P youth I e-cigarette OR adolescent e-cigarettes OR teenagers AND electronic cigarettes advertising AND C O no advertising smoking

Synonyms with Truncation AND P OR OR I youth e-cigarette* adolescent electronic cigarettes teen* AND C advertising O smok*

Synonyms with Phrase Searching AND P OR OR I youth e-cigarette* adolescent “electronic cigarettes” teen* AND C advertising O smok*

Search String (Youth OR adolescent OR teen*) AND (e-cigarette* OR “electronic cigarettes”) AND (advertising) AND (smok*)

Activity 2 – PICO Questions § Do fall prevention programs help prevent seniors from falling? § Which is more effective at preventing nausea in cancer patients: ondansetron or granisetron? § How is the gene Nlrp 1 b connected with diabetes?

Activity 3 - Pub. Med Searching § Pub. Med | | Go to the library homepage Go to the database link underneath the large search box Click on the letter P Scroll to the bottom of the page, select Pubmed from the list § What is the relationship between food security and obesity?

Citation in the Sciences Why Cite ?

Citation “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulder of giants” Isaac Newton

Citation Element Example PMID: 25421063

Library Workshop Assignment § Research Question: Does vaccination during pregnancy reduce the incidence of whooping cough? | Identify the PICO terms in the above question | Provide the Me. SH URL for each of the your PICOs | Find two sources that answer the above question • One research article (primary) from the last 5 years • One review article (secondary) from the last 10 years | Write out the citation elements for each of the articles | Write a reflection on identifying and evaluating the articles | Write a reflection on searching for the articles https: //library. carleton. ca/research/course-guides/hlth 2001

Library Research Help HELP • Health Subject Guide • HLTH 2001 Course Guide QUESTIONS? • Visit the library • Call Research Help Desk 613 -520 -2600 x 2735 • Email heather. macdonald@carleton. ca