Researched Writing Cultural and social significance Researched papers

Researched Writing

討論 「閒暇」一文之意義 ¢ Cultural and social significance ¢

Researched papers in school usually focus on a small aspect of a course, most often for the purpose of proving that you can apply the concepts and showing what you can do on your own. ¢ More formal in tone than other essays, incorporates sources, and often contains documentation. ¢

Research ¢ Documentation ¢ Formatting Your Paper ¢

Research: Think First ¢ ¢ First step, the topic: narrowing it to a clear question at issue Expressing your opinion: Thesis Statement Review strategies discussed under “Writing as a process” and suggestions for narrowing an issue, writing a thesis, and shaping an argument. Write a short proposal or abstract: doing so gives you a chance to express in writing just what your topic is, why you are exploring it, who your audience is, and, when your are ready, what position your expect to take.

Second step, the argument ¢ ¢ ¢ Construct an argument both for and against the question at issue Premises Framework or working outline Two advantages: 1. you are not overwhelmed by the opinions of experts 2. your research has a focused, precise purposes as you look for support for your premises, discovering in the process gaps in your reasoning and counterarguments that had not occurred to you.

¢ Don’t be surprised if you find yourself changing direction as you gather more information. ¢ Q&D

Research: How to Conduct Your Research ¢ 研究報告寫作手冊 Reading strategies: ¢ learn to select relevant material; ¢ critical judgment; ¢ Taking notes, bibliographical information ¢ quotation, paraphrase, summary ¢

Printed sources ¢ The Internet ¢ Thinking Critically about the Material Determining the relevance of sources Evaluating Web Sites (pp. 238 -9) ¢

Finding Your Own Data gathering information systematically ¢ interviews ¢ questionnaires ¢ using the library ¢ ¢ Q&D

Documentation What information should be documented? ¢ 1. All direct quotations ¢ 2. All indirect quotations. ¢ 3. All facts and statistics that are not common knowledge. ¢

¢ Once your have completed your research, remember that the paper is going to be yours, written in your own words, interpreting the information you have gathered, and expressing the opinions you have developed during the course of your research.

Incorporating the Ideas of Others into Your Own Writing ¢ ¢ ¢ Supply of introductory or signal phrases. For example, “As Freud discovered, ” “According to The New York Times. ” Add a word or words to make a quotation fit in smoothly with your own writing Don’t assume that the relevance of the quotation is self-evident. Make its relationship to your reasoning explicit

Punctuation and Format of quotations ¢ How should information be documented (pp. 242 -49) ¢ ¢ Q&D

Formatting Your Paper ¢ 格式 ¢ Q&D

Peer review ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Checking lists of pp. 17 -18 What did I find interesting? What does it look like I can learn from this? What insights caught my attention? What sentence or section seemed best? What sentence or section seemed weakest? What parts would I like to see explained more?

¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ What parts should be omitted? What parts seemed real? What part seemed phony? What parts did the author really care about? What part seemed worth writing an essay about? What idea held the whole piece together? What was the most important idea? What idea might tie the different points together?