RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE IN RESEARCH LANGUAGE RESEARCH INENGLISH LANGUAGE
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RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE IN RESEARCH LANGUAGE RESEARCH INENGLISH LANGUAGE AND METHODOLOGY TEACHING METODOLOGI ANDLANGUAGEPENELITIAN TEACHING Oleh: Drs. Sumani. M. M. Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni IKIP PGRI Madiun
APA SARANA PEMECAHAN MASALAH ITU? PENGEMBANGAN (NEED TO DO) EVALUASI (NEED TO CHOOCE) ASESMEN (NEED TO PROGRESS) PENELITIAN (NEED TO KNOW)
SARANA PEMECAHAN MASALAH BATASAN PROSES HASIL Upaya sistematik menemukan/ mengembangkan pength yg benar Aplikasi berpikir ilmiah Pengetahuan yang benar EVALUASI Upaya sistematik melihat efektivitas & efisiensi program Aplikasi berpikir sistematik operasional Keputusan efektivitas & efisiensi program PENGEM BANGAN Upaya sistematik menghasilkan produk pemecahan masalah PENELITIAN Aplikasi teori, prinsip, & prosedur, aktivitas pemecahan masalah Produk prosedur pemecahan masalah
Pendekatan Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif Asumsi • Hukum Keteraturan • Kebenaran berdasarkan empirik • Determinisme universal • Realitas bersifat ganda • Peneliti & fenomena berinteraksi • Fenomena saling berpengaruh • Tidak bebas nilai Karakteristik • Eksperimen & Noneksperimen • Replikasi • Analisis Statistik • Metodologi Jelas Karakteristik • Latar Alami • Proses Lebih Penting • Bersifat Deskriptif • Analisis Induktif • Makna Hasil Esensi Kuanti. Latif Karakteristik • Lebih ke kuantitatif • Lebih ke Kualitatif • Seimbang keduanya Karakteristik • Latar semi • Kombinasi • Bersifat unik • Statistik/Induktif
Berpikir rasional Berpikir empirik Penelitian Temuan Perian Fenomena §Pemetaan §Penamaan §Identifikasi §Klasifikasi Hubungan Fenomena §Menjelaskan §Meramalkan §Mengendalikan
PRODUK PENELITIAN q Artikel ilmiah q Poster q Paten q Peraturan q Standar q Sertifikasi q Akreditasi q Prototipe q q q q Sistem Informasi Modul Pelatihan Desain Buku Teks Peta/Foto Alat Peraga Barang/Bahan
THE DEFINITION OF RESEARCH: v. CERTAIN KEY TERMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH: Inquiry, Knowledge, Hypothesis, Information, Classification, Analysis, Interpretation, Structured Investigation, Understanding, Problem, Prove, Theory, Evaluation, Asking Questions, Analyzing Data, Scientific Method, Insight, Prove/Disprove, Characterize Phenomena, Uncover, Satisfy Inquiry, Solution.
The Terms, taken together, suggest that RESEARCH is a process of formulating questions, problems, or hypotheses; collecting data or evidence relevant to these questions/problems/hypotheses; and analyzing or interpreting these data. v The minimal definition: RESEARCH is a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: (1) a question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, (3) analysis and interpretation of data.
RESEARCH is a systematic attempt to provide answer to question (Bruce W. Tuckman). RISET adalah suatu usaha sistematis yang bertujuan menyediakan informasi untuk memecahkan masalah (Cooper & Emory, 1995). RISET adalah proses pengumpulan, pencatatan dan analisis data yang sistematik dan objektif untuk membantu pembuatan keputusan (Zigmund, 1994)
RESEARCH adalah investigasi terhadap fenomena empirik yang dilakukan secara sistematis, terkendali, dan kritis berdasarkan teori dan hipotesis yang menunjukkan adanya hubungan antar fenomena (Kerlinger, 1986) Tiga Hal Penting untuk Memahami Riset: 1. Riset merupakan proses yang berbasis masalah dengan objek suatu fenomena empiris. 2. Proses riset dilakukan secara sistematis, terorganisasi, terkendali dan kritis. 3. Tujuan riset menyajikan informasi untuk menjawab suatu masalah yang spesifik.
ILMU DAN METODE ILMIAH MANUSIA MENCARI KEBENARAN KODRAT/FIRAH MANUSIA MEMILIKI HASRAT INGIN TAHU & DAYA NALAR/AKAL Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan: Ini apa? Itu apa? Mengapa begini? Mengapa begitu? Bagaimana hal ini terjadi? dst.
Manusia melakukan berbagai upaya Menemukan jawaban / mendapatkan kebenaran PENDEKATAN NON ILMIAH
PENDEKATAN NON ILMIAH 1. Akal Sehat/Prasangka 2. Intuitif (Naluri) 3. Penemuan kebetulan (Takdir) 4. Penemuan Coba-coba (Trial and Error) 5. Otoritas/Wibawa 6. Wahyu: Kebenaran Agama (Azasi) ILMIAH q. Penelitian Ilmiah yang dibangun atas teori: 1. Skeptik 2. Analitik 3. Kritik
PENDEKATAN ILMIAH SISTEMATIK, TERKONTROL Berdasarkan Fakta/Realita DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNGJAWABKAN & DIUJI KEBENARANNYA
SISTEMATIS (Mengikuti prosedur yang jelas) Penelitian Sistematis bila mempunyai langkah-langkah sbb: Ø Mengidentifikasi Masalah. Ø Menghubungkan Masalah dengan Teori. Ø Mengumpulkan Data. Ø Menganalisis & Menginterpretasi Data. Ø Membuat Kesimpulan.
TERKONTROL Penelitian terkontrol apabila: ØTerencana pada setiap langkahnya. ØVariabel diidentifikasi dan dipilih. ØInstrumen dibuat secara hati-hati. ØKesimpulan dibuat berdasarkan data ØRekomendasi dibuat berdasarkan hasil dan kesimpulan.
KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH Ø PURPOSIVENESS: Ada pernyataan mengenai tujuan riset yang jelas. Ø RIGOROUS: Dilaksanakan berdasarkan teori yang baik dan menggunakan metode-metode riset secara teliti dan tepat. RIGOR (Carefulness, Scrupulousness, and Exact). Ø TESTABILITY: Menguji hipotesis secara logis untuk mengetahui apakah data yang dikumpulkan mendukung hipotesis yang dikembangkan.
KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH Ø REPLICABILITY: Hasil uji hipotesis harus didukung oleh riset-riset berikutnya yang diulang dengan kondisi lain yang kurang lebih sama. Ø PRECISSION AND CONFIDENCE: Presisi: Ketepatan hasil riset dengan realita, Keyakinan: Akurasi hasil riset sehingga estimasi peneliti benar. Ø OBJECTIVITY: Kesimpulan yang ditarik dari hasil analisis data harus obyektif berdasarkan fakta/data yang sesungguhnya (obyektif/tidak Subyektif).
KARAKTERISTIK RISET ILMIAH Ø GENERALIZABILITY: Hasil riset dapat diterapkan pada cakupan (scope) yang lebih luas. Ø PARSIMONY: Menjelaskan fenomena atau masalah yang terjadi dan pemecahannya secara sederhana tetapi mempertimbangkan faktor yang tidak terkendali (Simple but Powerful)
Manfaat Penelitian 1. Membantu memperoleh pengetahuan Baru. 2. Memperoleh jawaban atas suatu pertanyaan. 3. Memberikan pemecahan atas suatu masalah. 4. Mengorganisasikan dan mengkategorikan sesuatu.
5. Memprediksi kejadian/keadaan yang akan datang. 6. Menjelaskan kejadian/keadaan di masa lalu. 7. Menemukan penyebab dari suatu kejadian. 8. Mengkontrol suatu kejadian. 9. Menyusun suatu kebijakan. 10. Menyusun strategi pengembangan.
JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN
JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN
KINDS OF RESEARCH BASED ON PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS Historical research Descriptive research Developmental research Operational research KINDS OF RESEARCH Correlational research Causal-Comparative or ex-post facto True experimental research Quasi experimental research Case & Field research Classroom Action research Source: Isaac & Michael, 1989
RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS 1. Historical Research 2. Descriptive Research 3. Developmental Research 4. Case and Field Research 5. Correlational Research 6. Causal Comparative Research 7. True Experimental Research 8. Quasy Experimental Research 9. Action Research
RESEARCH DESAIGN BASED ON THE PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS 1. Historical: To reconstruct the past objectivey and accurately, by collecting, evaluating, veryfying, and synthesizing evidence to establish facts and reach defensible conclusion, often in relation to particular hypothesis. 2. Example: A Study reconstructing practices in the teaching of spelling in the United State during the past
2. Descriptive: To describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately. Example: A Community survey to establish the needs for a vocational education program. 3. Developmental: To investigate patterns and sequence of growth and/or change as a function of time. Example: A longitudinal growth study following an initial sample of 200 children from six months of age to adulthood. .
4. Case and Field: To study intensively the background, current status, and environtmental interaction of a given social unit: an individual or group, institution or community. Example: An intensive study of the “Inner city” culture and living condition in a large metropolitan environtment. 5. Correlational: To investigate the extent to which variation in one factor correspond with variations in one or more other factors based on correlation coefficients. Example: An study investigating the relationship between grade point average as the criterion variable and a number of other variables of interest. .
6. Causal Comparative: To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by observing some existing consquence and searching back through the data for plausible casual factors. Example: (1)A study to identify factors related to the “drop out” problem in particular high school using data from records over the past ten years; (2)A study to investigate similarities and differences between such group as smokers and nonsmoker, readers and nonreaders, or delinquents and non
7. True Exsperimental: To investigate possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment condition and comparing the results for both of them. Example: (1)A study to investigate the effectiveness of three methods of teaching reading to first grade children using random assingments; (2)A study to investigate the effect of a specific tranquilizing drug on the learning behavior of boys identified as
8. Quasy Exsperimental: To investigate the coditions of the true experiment in setting which does not allow the control and/or manipulation of all relevant variables. Example: A study to investigate the effects of spaced versus massed practice in the memorizing of vocabulary lists in the four high school foreign language classes without being able to assign students to the treatment at random to supervise
9. Action: To develop new skills or new approaches and to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or other applied setting. Example: An in-service training program to help train counselors to work more effectively with minority group children.
Bagaimana Penetapan Desain Penelitian? Masalah Variabel Desain Penelitian Eksperimen Penelitian Pengembangan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Ø Ø Ø QUALITATIVE Advocates use of qualitative methods. Concerned with understanding human behavior from the actor’s own frame of reference. Naturalistic and uncontrolled observation. Subjective. Close to the data: the “Insider” perspective. Ø Ø Ø QUANTITATIVE Advocates use of quantitative methods. Seek facts or causes of social phenomena without regard to the subjective states of the individuals. Obstructive and controlled measurement. Objective. Removed from the data: the “Outsider” perspective.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Ø Ø QUALITATIVE Grounded, discovery oriented, exploratory, expansionist, descriptive, and inductive. Process-oriented. Valid: “real”, “rich”, and“deep” data. Assumed a dynamic reality. Ø Ø QUANTITATIVE Ungrounded, verificationoriented, confirmatory, reductionist, inferential, and hypothetical deductive. Outcome-oriented. Reliable: “hard” and “Replicable” data. Assumed a stable reality.
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE Ø Ø QUALITATIVE Dari segi perspektifnya: Menggunakan pendekatan emik. Dari konsep dan teori: Mengembangkan, menciptakan, menemukan konsep/teori. Dari Hipotesisnya: Bisa menggunakan bisa tidak. Dari teknik pengumpulan data: mengutamakan wawancara & observasi QUANTITATIVE Ø Menggunakan pendekatan etik (Tetapkan konsep dulu) Ø bertolak dari konsep (variabel), teori, menguji teori. Ø Ø Merumuskan hipotesis sejak awal. Mengutamakan kuesioner.
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Ø Masalah/Tujuan: Menanyakan tentang makna (berupa konsep). Ø Jumlah sampel: Didasarkan atas pencapaian kualitas informasi. Ø Alur pikir penarikan kesimpulan: Induktif. Ø Bentuk sajian data: Kata -kata. Ø Definisi operasional: Tak diperlukan QUANTITATIVE Ø Menanyakan tingkat pengaruh, kekeratan korelasi, asosiasi antar variabel atau kadar variabel. Ø Didasarkan atas representasi populasi & ditentukan sebelum data terkumpul. Ø Deduktif. Ø Angka/Tabel. Ø Diperlukan.
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF DAN QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Ø Analisis Data: dilakukan sejak awal turun ke lokasi. Ø Instrumen: Peneliti itu sendiri. Ø Kesimpulan: Dilakukan dengan pengecekan dan kesepakatan dengan subyek penelitian. Ø Ø Ø QUANTITATIVE Setelah data terkumpul dan menggunakan statistik. Angket, kuesioner, dokumen. Di. Lakukan oleh peneliti sendiri berdasar hasil perhitungan statistik.
TEN STEPS IN PLANNING GOOD RESEARCH ØBasic Dificulty: What is it that has caught your interest or raised a question in your mind? ØRationale and Theoretical Base: Can you begin from a position of logical concept, relationship, and expectations based on current thinking in this area,
Ø Statement of the purpose or Problem: What is it that you plan to investigate? What are the general goals of the study? Define the problem. ØQuestion to be answered: When the research is finished, what are the questions to which reasonable answers can be expected?
ØStatement of Hypothesis or Objectives: Spell out the particular research hypothesis you will test or the specific objective at which the research is aimed. Be concrete and clear, making sure that each hypothesis or objective is stated in terms of observable behavior allowing the objective evaluation of the results.
ØDesign and Procedure: State who your subjects will be, how they will be selected, the condition under which the data will be collected, treatment variables to be manipulated, what measuring instruments or datagathering technique will be used, and how the data will be analyzed and interpreted?
Assumptions: What assumption have you made about the nature of the behavior you are investigating. About the condition under which the behavior occurs, about your methods and measurement, or about the relationship of the study to other persons and situations?
Limitations: What are the limitations surrounding your study? What limitation exist in your methods or approach-sampling restrictions, uncontrolled variables, faulty instrumentation, and other compromises to internal and external validity?
ØDelimitation: How have you narrow the scope of the study? Did you focus only on selected aspects of the problem, certain area of interest, a limited range of subjects, and level of sophistication involved? ØDefinition of Terms: List and define the principal terms you will use, particularly where terms have different meanings to different people? Emphasis should be placed on operational or behavioral definitions.
1. Memilih Masalah 2. Studi Pendahuluan 3. Merumuskan Masalah Hipotesis Menetapkan metode/ rancangan Menentukan variabel Menentukan sumber data Menentukan dan menyusun instrumen Mengumpulkan data Analisis data Menarik kesimpulan Menyusun laporan
ELEVEN STEPS IN CONDUCTING GOOD QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH I. SELECTING THE PROBLEM II. CONDUCTING PRELIMINARY STUDY III. FORMULATING THE PROBLEM
IV. FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS IV. a. FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESES V. SELECTING THE APPROACH VI. a. DETERMINING VARIABEL VI. b. DETERMINING DATA SOURCE
VII. DETERMINING & CONSTRUCTING INSTRUMENT VIII. COLLECTING DATA IX. ANALYSING DATA X. DRAWING CONCLUSION XI. MAKING A RESEARCH REPORT
I. SELECTING THE PROBLEM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES: ØAccumulate the facts that might be related to the problem. ØSettle by observation whether the facts are relevant. ØSelect a problem that engage your interest.
Ø Trace any relationship between the facts that might reveal the key to the difficulty. Ø Propose various explanation (hypotheses) for the cause of the difficulty. Ø Assertain through observation and analysis whether they are relevant to the problem.
Ø Trace relationships between explanations that may give insight into the problem solution. Ø Trace relationships between facts and explanation. Ø Question assumption underlying the analysis of the problem.
B. EVALUATION OF PROBLEM Personal Consideration (Researcher’s questions related to the research problem): ØGoal expectations of the researcher & others. ØGenuine interest. ØSkills, abilities, and background knowledge.
Personal Consideration Ø The tools, equipment, laboratories, and subjects necessary to the research Ø Time & money. Ø Adequate data. Ø The scope, significance, topical requirement. Ø Administrative Support, guidance, and cooperation.
Social Consideration ØKnowledge advancement. ØPractical value. ØThe application of the finding. ØNot a duplication of others. ØTopic delimitation. ØThe reliability of the tools and techniques.
C. PROBLEM (MASALAH) Masalah timbul karena adanya tantangan, kesangsian atau kebingungan terhadap suatu hal atau fenomena, kemenduaan arti (ambiguity), halangan dan rintangan, celah/kesenjangan (gap) baik antarkegiatan atau antarfenomena, baik yang telah ada ataupun yang akan ada.
APA ITU MASALAH PENELITIAN? q. Kesenjangan harapan dan kenyataan q. Dasar proses dialektika teori—penelitian q. Tolok ukur pentingnya penelitian q. Dasar mengkaji referensi q. Dasar menentukan metode penelitian q. Dasar menentukan anggaran penelitian
PENDEKATAN EKSPLORASI MASALAH PROBLEM ORIENTED PROCESS ORIENTED • MINAT • PERTANYAAN • MASALAH KHUSUS • INSTRUMEN KHUSUS • PERLAKUAN TERPILIH • STRATEGI ANALISIS MENGKAJI REFERENSI &SIGNIFIKANSINYA LOKASI YG SESUAI UTK MENERAPKAN PROSES EXISTING CONDITION KETERSEDIAAN: • DATA BASE • PEMBIMBING • PENDUKUNG MEMILIH MASALAH YG MENDASAR
CIRI-CIRI MASALAH YANG BAIK 1. Mempunyai nilai penelitian: a. mempunyai sifat keaslian. b. menyatakan suatu hubungan. c. merupakan hal yang penting. d. dapat diuji. e. dinyatakan di dalam bentuk pertanyaan.
2. Mempunyai fisibilitas (dapat dilaksanakan): a. Data serta metode untuk memecahkan masalah tersedia. b. Cukup waktu, tenaga dan biaya untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut. c. Ada dukungan dari pihak-pihak terkait. d. Masalah tidak bertentangan dengan hukum, moral dan etika.
II. STUDI PENDAHULUAN 1. Manfaat Akan diketahui hal-hal sbb: a. Apa yang akan diteliti. b. Di mana dan kepada siapa informasi dapat diperoleh. c. Bagaimana cara memperoleh data/informasi.
d. Teknik apa yang akan digunakan untuk menganalisis data. e. Bagaimana mengambil kesimpulan serta memanfaatkan hasil penelitian. 2. Cara Mengadakan Studi Pend. Dengan 3 P (paper, person, place).
III. MERUMUSKAN MASALAH 1. Sebaiknya dirumuskan dalam bentuk pertanyaan. 2. Rumusan jelas dan padat. 3. Mencerminkan ciri penelitian yang dilakukan. 4. Merupakan dasar perumusan judul, perumusan tujuan, dan pembuatan hipotesis.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, RUMUSAN MASALAH, TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN KWANTITATIF JUDUL: Korelasi antara Motivasi Belajar dengan Prestasi Belajar Bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004 -2005. MASALAH: Adakah korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris Siswa SMU 3 Madiun tahun ajaran 2004 -2005?
HUBUNGAN ANTARA JUDUL, RUMUSAN MASALAH, TUJUAN, DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN KWANTITATIF TUJUAN: Untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMUN 3 Madiun tahun ajaran 2004 -2005. Ada korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMU 3 Madiun tahun ajaran 2004 -2005. HIPOTESIS:
Judul penelitian kuantitatif tersebut disarankan memuat hal-hal sbb. : 1. Sifat atau Jenis Penelitian: 1. Penelitian Korelasi. 2. Objek Yang Diteliti: Motivasi Belajar dan Prestasi Belajar Bahasa Inggris 3. Subyek Penelitian: Siswa SMU 3 Mdn. 4. Lokasi Penelitian: Sekolah SMU 3 Madiun. 5. Waktu Penelitian:
V. FORMULATING THE ASUMPTIONS ASUMPTION Anggapan Dasar sebuah titik tolak pemikiran yang kebenarannya diterima oleh peneliti. Contoh: ØSiswa SMU 3 Madiun mendapatkan mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. ØMotivasi belajar siswa SMU 3 Madiun bervariasi. ØPrestasi belajar siswa SMU 3 Madiun bervariasi.
IV. a. FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESES Hipotesis Penelitian ØHipotesis Nol (Ho) : Tidak ada korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMU 3 Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004 -2005. ØHipotesis Alternatif (Ha/H 1): Ada korelasi antara motivasi belajar dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Inggris siswa SMU 3 Madiun Tahun Ajaran 2004 -2005
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