RESEARCH PROCESS AN OVERVIEW INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE

RESEARCH PROCESS: AN OVERVIEW INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Stages In The Research Process • • • Problem Formulation and Problem Definition Research Design*** Purpose of the Study Type of investigation Study setting : Population & Sampling Unit of analysis Time horizon: Cross sectional vs longitudinal Data Processing and Analysis Managerial implications (Reporting) 2 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Characteristics of Good Research Clearly defined purpose Detailed research process Thoroughly planned design High ethical standards Limitations addressed Adequate analysis Unambiguous presentation Conclusions justified Credentials 3 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Characteristics of Good Research Understand • that research is decision- and dilemma-centered • that the clarified research question is the result of careful exploration and analysis and sets the direction for the research project 4 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Research Process Basic Assumption • every effect has a cause • Starts with the construction of hypotheses from casual observations and background knowledge (inductive reasoning) to reasoning out consequences or implications of hypotheses (deductive reasoning), followed by testing of the implications and confirmation or rejection of the hypotheses. 5 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Research Process: The Scientific Method • Step 1: State the Problem (Problem Formulation) • Step 2: Background & Literature study about the problem. (Literature Review) • Step 3: Form a Hypothesis (Statement of Prediction) • Step 4: Do experiment that test the hypothesis. (Analysis & Findings) • Step 5: Draw a conclusion. 6 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Research Process Problem discovery Problem Discovery and Definition Selection of exploratory research technique Sampling Selection of exploratory research technique Secondary (historical) data Experience survey Pilot study Probability Nonprobability Case study Data Gathering Data Processing and Analysis Problem definition (statement of research objectives) Experiment Laboratory Field Conclusions and Report Survey Interview Editing and coding data Data processing Selection of basic research method Research Design Collection of data (fieldwork) Questionnaire Observation Secondary Data Study Interpretation of findings Report 7 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Example 4: System development methodology

Content in Chapter 3 (Examples) Proposal 1 • Introduction • Research design – What to do and how it should be done • Operational frame work – Flowchart – Gantt chart (the whole project) • Software and Hardware requirement • Summary Proposal 2 • Introduction – Research Design • Interpretive Research • Quantitative and Qualitative Research • Triangulation – Case Study Research • Multiple Case Study Approach – – – Operational Framework Subjects or Data Source Instrumentation Pilot Testing and Data Analysis Assumptions & Limitations of the Methodology – Research Planning and Schedule

Description of Research Activities: Suggested Format Phase Objectives Instrument/ method Duration optional – specified in Gantt chart See example… Deliverables

Example 1: quantitative study Activities Design Data Collection Analysis Phase 4: The Survey (April 06 – January 07) Objectives Methods/Tools Deliverables To design survey questionnaire Academic Survey To identify HEIs for survey computing rubrics questionnaire List of HEIs from the MOHE website To conduct survey on HEIs Survey Returned survey questionnaire forms HEIs mailing information Microsoft Access Findings To analyse framework structure To test hypotheses on framework relationships To analyse academic computing performance at HEIs To rank HEIs based on academic computing performance To revise framework To identify state of academic computing and general trends PCA Reliability analysis Correlation analysis ANOVA SPSS, Excel Framework v 3 Benchmark information

Example 2: qualitative study Phase 4: The Case Studies (April 07 – June 08) Activities Objectives Methods/Tools Deliverables Data Collection To conduct case studies Interview transcripts To gather data Observations Document and Documents observation memo analysis Tape recorder Analysis To analyse collected data to Nvivo 8 Analysis result understand the overall studied context and to identify appropriation criteria Findings To update the existing Updates of identified criteria from the appropriation criteria pilot case studies and preliminary survey

Managing The Research INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Gantt Chart 14 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

Types of Ethical Violations Violating disclosure agreements Misrepresenting results Breaking confidentiality Deceiving participants Plagarism Avoiding legal liability April 2009 15 INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS