RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Writing Presentation Part 1 Presentation Outline

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Writing & Presentation (Part 1)

Presentation Outline n Presentation & publication of research finding n Writing a research paper n Writing dissertation n Writing skill n Seminar presentation

Presentation & Publication of Research Finding Why must publish? Which publication? What to publish?

Why You Must Publish? n n n n To benchmark our research findings To get response from others To disseminate new findings / knowledge To get good reputation To get better promotion To pass Ph. D. /D. Eng. /D. Sc. program To satisfy academic interest To develop intellectual tradition

Which Publication? n n n n Unpublished research report Specialized magazine Dissertation / Thesis Monograph Seminar proceeding Book Refereed/peer review journal

Specialized magazine

A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings

A monograph is a work of writing upon a single subject, usually by a single author. It is often a scholarly essay and may be released in the manner of a book or journal article

Proceedings are the collection of academic papers that are published in the context of an academic conference. They are usually distributed as printed books (or sometimes CDs) either before the conference opens or after the conference has closed. Proceedings contain the contributions made by researchers at the conference.

Book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazine, journal or newspapers.

Peer reviewed journal n Peer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility. In academia peer review is often used to determine an academic paper’s suitability for publication.

Impact metric of journal n n n Impact factor H-index Eigenfactor SCImago journal rank Citation index

Impact factor n n Impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now part of Thomson Reuters.

Calculation – A = the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008. – B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items" are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor. ) – 2008 impact factor = A/B.

H-index n n The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the productivity and impact of the published work of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country.

Eigenfactor n n Eigenfactor score, is a rating of the total importance of a scientific journal. Eigenfactor scores are intended to give a measure of how likely a journal is to be used, and are thought to reflect how frequently an average researcher would access content from that journal

SCImago Journal Rank n SCImago Journal Rank (SJR indicator) is a measure of scientific influence of scholarly journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from.

Citation index n n Citation index is a kind of bibliographic database, an index of citation between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. There are two publishers of general-purpose academic citation indexes, available to libraries by subscription: – ISI (now part of Thomson Scientific), which publishes the ISI citation indexes in print and CD. They are now generally accessed through the Web under the name Web of Science, which is in turn part of the group of databases in the Web of knowledge. – Elsevier, which publishes Scopus, available online only, which similarly combines subject searching with citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and social sciences.

Search engines n n n n Google Scholar Scirus Cite. Seer. X get. CITED Scopus ISI Web of Knowledge Mendeley Espacenet

Scirus n n Scirus is a comprehensive sciencespecific search engine. Like Cite. Seer. X and Google Scholar, it is focused on scientific information. Scirus is owned and operated by Elsevier

Scopus n Scopus, now officially named Sci. Verse Scopus, is a bibliographic datavase containing abstract and citations for scholarly journal articles. It covers nearly 18, 000 titles from more than 5, 000 international publishers, including coverage of 16, 500 peer-reviewed journals in the scientific, technical, medical and social sciences (including arts and humanities) fields

What to Publish? n n n n Research methodology Research data Research analysis Research experience Research review Research “proper” Research perspective

Research methodology n Publishing a guideline for solving a problem, with specific components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools

Research data

Research experience

Research analysis

Research review

Writing a Research Paper n n n n n Basic considerations Finding a good topic Finding suitable literature materials Evaluating literature Presenting research methodology Compiling experimental data Analysis & discussion Formatting & illustrations A sample of research paper

Basic Considerations

Criteria of a Good Research Paper n n n Published in a flagship refereed journal Subject on frontier of knowledge Research findings are original Significant area of study Published at the right timing Minimum mistakes Methodologically sound Analytically sound Grammatically sound Clear diagram References are up-to-date & significant Correctly formatted

Finding a Good Topic n Steps to a good topic: Choosing a topic that interests you Doing preliminary research Narrowing your topic Deciding which type of research paper

Step Choosing a topic that interests you n “Biodegradation of chrysene, an aromatic hydrocarbon by Polyporus sp. S 133 in liquid medium”

Step Doing preliminary research n Ujang Z. & Buckley C. (1999) “Molecular detection of nitrifying bacteria in sludge of membrane bioreactor using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)”. Wat. Res. 15 (2) 245252. n Yamamoto K. & Urase T. (1999) “Analysis of bacterial community in membrane bioreactor by fluorescent in situ hybridyzation (FISH)”. Wat. Sci. Tech. 15 (2) 245 -252. n Wagner J. & Rosenwinkel K-H. (1999) “Sludge production in membrane bioreactors under different conditions”. Proc. Int. Conf. Membrane Tech. For Environ. Mgmt. , Tokyo Univ. & IAWQ, Tokyo, 1 -4 Nov. 99, pp. 294 -301.

Step Narrowing your topic “Molecular detection of microbial community using PCR, DGGE and FISH in sludge from membrane bioreactor”

Step Deciding which type of research paper n n n n Research methodology Research data Research analysis Research experience Research review Research “proper” Research perspective

Finding Sources for Research Paper n Library Reference section Reserve section Periodical section Microfilm and microfiche section Books n n Experts on the subject matter Internet

Evaluating Your Sources n n Primary or secondary sources Evaluating your sources Relevant? Reliable? n Taking notes Traditional system Copying machine system

Presenting Research Methodology n n n Precise. Normally not more than 1 page. Refer to other articles or books for details. E. g. “Water quality analysis in this study is based on the Standard Methods (1999). Describe: How to do it (method) Equipment & materials Process & flow chart Duration

Compiling Experimental Data can be presented in various forms: n n Graph Table Photo etc.

Analysis & Discussion Should be 50% of the paper Relate to theoretical part Supported by graphs, tables, photo etc. Formula can be written But no calculation be shown Analysis on experimental data: Compare with theory Compare with numerical results Compare with other works State the importance of the findings

Formatting & Illustrations Follow the guideline prepared by the publisher Principles: To help to clarify your written explanation Simple presentation Easy to understand Related to theoretical derivation < 10 (graph + table etc. )

SAMPLE Excellent research paper

n. Finding n. Basic a good topic considerations : Chrysene, a Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon

• Finding suitable literature materials • Evaluating literature

Presenting research methodology

Compiling experimental data

Writing A Dissertation n n Level of dissertations Dissertation vs Research paper Formatting Examples of a good and a bad dissertation

Level of Dissertations n n n Undergraduate dissertation Masters dissertation Doctoral dissertation Important Message

Undergraduate Dissertation n Training basis No significant academic contribution Evaluation on: Writing skill Presentation Sequence and formatting Data analysis

Dissertation vs Research Paper Items Dissertation 200 pp Whole research 1 Ph. D. = 1 M. Sc. = 1 B. Sc. = Writer Amateur Writing Relatively easy Presentation Full research data Format University-based Publication Unpublished Size Scope Research Paper 8 pp Portion of research 4 research papers 2 research papers 1 research paper Professional Difficult Simplified & selected Journal-based Published

Formatting & Illustration n n n Follow the university’s guideline Sequence of chapters Font, size, spacing, etc. Figure head Table head References Appendix

Sequence of Chapters Model A n n n n Introduction Literature review Aim & objectives Methodology Results Analysis & Discussion Conclusion & Recommendation Model B Introduction Aim & Objectives Literature review Methods & Materials Results & Discussion Conclusion

References n Ujang Z. (1999) Molecular detection of microbial community in sludge of membrane bioreactor. Wat. Sci. Tech. 78 (5) 230 -238. n Buckley C. A. (1999) Membrane Processes. John Wiley, London, pp. 23 -25. n Ujang Z. & Buckley C. A. (1999) Sludge age modeling in MBR. Proc. Int. Conf. Membrane Tech. For Environ. Mgmt. , Tokyo Univ. & IAWQ, Tokyo, Nov 1 -4, pp. 23 -30.

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