Research Methodology 1 CONTENTS What is research methodology

Research Methodology 1

CONTENTS What is research methodology? What constitutes ﻳﺸﻝ a research topic? How to select a research topic? What are some of the limitations encountered when doing or thinking of doing a research project? What is a literature review? Where do I find sources of information for my literature review? How to select an appropriate methodology? What are some of the common types of qualitative methodology? What are some of the common types of quantitative methodology? What type of data to collect? How to collect data? How to analyze data? What are some of the tests used on categorical data? What are some of the tests used on continuous data? How to draw conclusions from data? How to present research findings? How to present your paper? 2

What is a Literature review? Systematic review of available resources q q q q Theoretical and conceptual ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻱ concepts Identification of independent and dependent variables Measurement and operational definitions Selection of appropriate research technique Sampling strategy Statistical technique Findings and conclusions of similar studies studied 7

independent and dependent variables For example, if a researcher wishes to see whethere is a relationship between numbers of hours studied and test scores on an exam, he must select a random sample of students, determine the hours each studied, and obtain their grades on the exam. A table can be made for the data, as shown: Student Hours Studied Grade, (%) A 6 82 B 2 63 C 1 57 D 5 88 E 2 68 F 3 75 9

The two variables for this study are called the independent variable and the dependent variable. The independent variable is the variable that can be controlled or manipulated ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ. In this case, “number of hours studied” is the independent variable and is designated as the x variable. The dependent variable is the variable that cannot be controlled or manipulated. The grade the student received on the exam is the dependent variable, designated as the y variable. The reason for this distinction between the variables is that one assumes that the grade the student earns depends on the number of hours the student studied. 11

How to Select an Appropriate Methodology? ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ؟ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ Four types of research methods: q Qualitative* ﻧﻮﻋﻲ q Quantitative* ﻛﻤﻲ q Mixed (qualitative and quantitative) ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ 15

Cross-sectional studies (also known as crosssectional analyses, transversal ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ studies, prevalence ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ study) form a class of research methods that involve observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻴﺍ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ . ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ 20

Qualitative Research Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an indepth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. In the conventional ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ view, qualitative methods produce information only on the particular cases studied, and any more general conclusions are only propositions ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ. 22

Biographical studies are undertaken for many reasons, depending not only on the people being studied, but also on those doing the studying. Each biographical study here consists of a brief summary of the person's life and work, including, as may be appropriate and available, a photographic or other image, list of publications, and links. 25

Phenomenological ﺃﻠﻀﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ Phenomenology begins with an experience or condition and, through the narration ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ of participants, of either a shared single incident or shared condition, investigates the effects and perceptions ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﺍﺕ of that experience. Phenomenological method interprets an experience or fact, by listening to the different stories of the participants. The method examines the phenomena through the subjective eyes of the participants. 27

Ethnographical ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻻﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ Ethnography ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ is a research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena. The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group. An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing, the culture of a people. (ethnographic study) In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation 29

Case study ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ A case study is a research methodology common such as in social science. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, or a group. In the social sciences and life sciences, a case study (or case report) is a descriptive ﻭﺻﻔﻲ , exploratory ﺇﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﻲ or explanatory ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ analysis of a person, group or event. An explanatory case study is used to explore causation ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ in order to find underlying principles. 31

What Type of Data to Collect? ﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ؟ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻉ Categorical ﻣﻄﻠﻖ q q Nominal ﺇﺳﻤﻲ -observations that can be coded Ordinal ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ -observations that can be ranked Continuous -Observations that can be counted or measured Mixed q matrix of categorical and continuous data Matrix: ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻮ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻡ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ : ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ 33

Continuous variables ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ Continuous variables can assume all values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring. Temperature, for example, is a continuous variable, since the variable can assume all values between any two given temperatures. 35

Nominal level of measurement ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ The nominal level of measurement classifies data into mutually exclusive (non overlapping) , exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. A sample of college instructors classified according to subject taught (e. g. , English, history, psychology, or mathematics) is an example of nominal-level measurement. Classifying survey subjects as male or female is another example of nominal-level measurement. 37

Ordinal level of measurement ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ The ordinal level of measurement classifies data measurement into categories that can be ranked; precise differences between the ranks do not exist. Examples of ordinal-measured data are grades (A, B, C, D, F), rating scales, and rankings. 39

What are some of the Tests Used on Categorical Data? ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ Chi-squared test-to determine the relationship between variables Fisher’s test-to compare two unpaired groups Mc. Nemar’s test-to analyze a matched case-control study Kappa-to quantify interafter agreement Wilcoxon test- to compare one group to a hypothetical value Kruskal-Wallis test-to compare three or more groups Spearman test-to compare association between variables 42

What are some of the Tests Used on Continuous Data? ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ T test- to compare one or two groups ANOVA-to compare three or more groups Pearson test-to compare the association between variables 43

How to Present Research Findings? ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ؟ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﻴﻒ Tables-matrix of rows and columns representing variables Figures-visual organization of data/observations -pictures -pie charts -line charts -bar charts -flow charts -organizational charts -cartogram charts -Gantt charts -scatter plot charts 45

How to Present your Paper ﺗﻢ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻬﺎ Provides useful guidelines on: style q in text citations q references Writing should be clear, concise and plain General format should be: q q q q paper size-8. 5 x 11 1” margins on all sides double spaced written in 12 point font using Times New Roman short title and page number on the upper right hand corner of every page 47

Referencing Style ﺃﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻂ The most referencing style used is as follows: Last name of author, followed by initials Last names of authors arranged alphabetically in the reference list* Capitalize the first letter of the first word in titles and subtitles Capitalize all major words in journal titles Italicize titles of books and journals 50

THANK YOU Dr. Ghani Albaali, Ph. D. THE END 52