RESEARCH ETHICS Foundations of Science Fraud DataRelated Issues

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RESEARCH ETHICS Foundations of Science

RESEARCH ETHICS Foundations of Science

Fraud: Data-Related Issues � Fabrication of data � Eliminating cases or data without explanation

Fraud: Data-Related Issues � Fabrication of data � Eliminating cases or data without explanation or good reason � Shopping for ‘best’ results Presenting statistical analyses that best supports hypotheses rather than those that are most appropriate � Graphic Making distortions results look more dramatic through presentation � Tampering with the random or stated method without good reason

Authorship/Publication Issues Plagiarism � Word-for-word plagiarism � Paraphrasing plagiarism � Misrepresenting work How to

Authorship/Publication Issues Plagiarism � Word-for-word plagiarism � Paraphrasing plagiarism � Misrepresenting work How to Recognize Plagiarism: Tutorials and Tests � https: //www. indiana. edu/~academy/first. Principles/overvi ew/index. html

Lapse in Ethics Diederik Stapel committed academic fraud New York Times Article � http:

Lapse in Ethics Diederik Stapel committed academic fraud New York Times Article � http: //www. nytimes. com/2011/11/03/health/research/n oted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-researchfraud. html? _r=1&scp=1&sq=Fraud%20 case%20 seen %20 as%20 a%20 red%20 flag%20 for%20 psychology% 20 research. %20&st=cse APS Board discussion of research integrity � http: //www. psychologicalscience. org/index. php/public ations/observer/scientific-rigor. html

Authorship/Publication Issues Partial Publication versus Dual Publication � Partial Publication (with justification) Publishing parts

Authorship/Publication Issues Partial Publication versus Dual Publication � Partial Publication (with justification) Publishing parts of study in multiple places, each with different focus May only use subset of participants, certain measures � Dual Publication Publishing same work twice (not allowed)

Prevalence of Research Fraud is different from errors Difficult to quantify exact prevalence �

Prevalence of Research Fraud is different from errors Difficult to quantify exact prevalence � Numbers don’t seem huge, but could be underreported Even a high-profile case can be very damaging

Safeguards against fraud Training in ethics Replication � Repositories Peer Review process � Blind

Safeguards against fraud Training in ethics Replication � Repositories Peer Review process � Blind review, independently reviewed by multiple experts in the field, editor makes decision

Mini-Review 1. 2. Explain the difference between word-forword plagiarism. How is the peer review

Mini-Review 1. 2. Explain the difference between word-forword plagiarism. How is the peer review process intended to reduce fraud?

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RISIKO FRAUD KULIAH 9 DEFINISI FRAUD Fraud kecuranganRISIKO FRAUD KULIAH 9 DEFINISI FRAUD Fraud kecurangan