RESEARCH AN INTRODUCTION RESEARCH systematic investigation and study

RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION RESEARCH systematic investigation and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions commonly misunderstood indispensable component of academic and industry practices

RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION RESEARCH budding researchers can start by appreciating the worth of doing studies, and engaging in simple research

RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION QUALITATIVE RESEARCH an attempt to understand the world as lived encompasses studies about an individuals’ particular experience and how he/she reflects on it product of individual interviews

RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION QUALITATIVE RESEARCH no statistical analysis is being performed qualitative studies aims to explore human phenomena, which may involve a single or a group of people experiencing the same situation

RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUALITATIVE INQUIRER Ø TECHNICAL COMPETENCY ability to use available technologies Ø PATIENCE within and outside the group Ø UTILITY COMPETENCY ability to troubleshoot during unexpected scenario Ø SERVICE willingness to serve others

RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTION QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUALITATIVE INQUIRER Ø GUTS AND RISK Ø EFFORT time and skill considering options Ø CARE distinct characteristics of a researcher

PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEWS IN RESEARCH POSTPOSITIVIST Philosophy: “We cannot be positive in our claims of knowledge when studying behavior and actions of humans” Main Concept: Everything should be quantified to produce meaningful concrete results

PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEWS IN RESEARCH CONSTRUCTIVIST Philosophy: “Individuals develop subjective meanings of their experiences” Main Concept: Experience expressed through words can paint a better picture of a certain phenomena

PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEWS IN RESEARCH TRANSFORMATIVE Philosophy: “Research inquiry should be intertwined with politics and political change agenda” Main Concept: Research should be conducted to increase quality of life and produce better societies

PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEWS IN RESEARCH PRAGMATIC Philosophy: “We need to look to many possibilities for collecting and analysing data” Main Concept: Use of quantitative and qualitative data in expressing research findings

THE RESEARCH PROCESS CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE topic is identified not-too-broad but not-to-specific concept to allow flexibility and further exploration literature reviews required for quantitative studies optional in qualitative inquiries objective framing identifying the ‘Central Question’ for qualitative inquiry, the focus is understanding human experience using words

THE RESEARCH PROCESS DESIGN PHASE also known as the planning phase researchers decide on the detailed procedures in gathering and analyzing data how, where and when the study will be conducted analyzed

THE RESEARCH PROCESS EMPIRICAL PHASE data gathering and collection in qualitative studies, respondents are also known as key informants or coresearchers. Interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) are commonly employed with the use of the interview guides or ‘Aide Memoire’.

THE RESEARCH PROCESS ANALYTICAL PHASE preparation and assessment of the data through the use of tools and the researchers’ own understanding as supported by his belief and previous researches published in the same area of interest

THE RESEARCH PROCESS ANALYTICAL PHASE qualitative studies interview texts are being delimited to manageable statements and thematized a model (or simulacrum) is being produced to summarize an understanding of themes that emerged in the study. In this phase, the results are interpreted before the writeup or manuscript

THE RESEARCH PROCESS DISSEMINATION PHASE most valuable results are advised to be shared to the general public if not on the specific population or professional groups that can benefit from its result

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN RESEARCH TERM QUESTION TYPES Ø METHOD What data will be gathered? Historical, Descriptive, Experimental Ø TECHNIQUE How data will be gathered? e. g. Survey, Interview Ø APPROACH How data will be processed? Quantitative, Qualitative or Mixed

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribed to a social or human problem testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN RESEARCH MIXED APPROACH involves collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, and integrating the two forms of data

TYPES OF MIXED APPROACH RESEARCHES CONVERGENT PARALLEL EXPLANATORY SEQUENTIAL researcher merges quantitative and qualitative data researcher first conducts quantitative research and builds on the results to explain them in more detail collects both forms of data simultaneously EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL researcher begins with a qualitative research and builds on the findings to develop a quantitative phase

THE RESEARCH MANUSCRIPTS final output in written and /or soft copy file form follows specific research content guidelines and format traditional manuscripts: by-chapter others adopt the Introduction-Method-Results. Discussion (IMRAD) format and content based on the American Psychological Association (APA, 6 th Edition) Standards

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Ø CONTEXT Human Phenomena occurring) (naturally Ø INPUT Philosophies, experience (own, others) Ø PROCESS Words, Tableaux of Human Experience, Cool and warm analyses Ø PRODUCT Better understanding

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTI versus QUALI Research QUANTI QUALI Hypothesized Concepts Analyzed using numbers Analyzed using language Interpreted as relations Interpreted as themes

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Cornerstones of Qualitative Research NARRATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals to provide stories about their lives researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Cornerstones of Qualitative Research ETHNOGRAPHY researcher studies the shared patters of behavior, language and actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Cornerstones of Qualitative Research CASE STUDIES GROUNDED THEORY researcher develops and indepth analysis of a case, often a program, event, activity, process of one or more individuals researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action or interaction grounded in the views of the participants

Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought -ALBERT SZENT GYORGY