Research a process of arriving at dependable solutions

Research -a process of arriving at -dependable solutions to problems through a planned and systematic collection üanalyses, üevaluation, üinterpretation and synthesis of data

Benefits from research Has shortened distances via speedy transportation and communication Has improved industrial and agricultural production Provided man various comforts in life Has lengthened the life span of man

Benefits from research Has fostered understanding between and among nations Can help leader or manager to decide more reliably when solving problems

IDENTIFYING A RESEARCH PROBLEM Sources of a Research Topic üObserve things before you say useless. üSa pangit madami kang makikitang maganda.

IDENTIFYING A Sources of a Research Topic people places things RESEARCH PROBLEM Factors to consider in selecting a topic § your interest and abilities (level of knowledge and experiences) § availability of materials needed § particular needs of the community § socio-economic significance § time element § safety measures § expenses § generation of new information

Your aim should be… to: 1. Show why your research needs to be carried out. 2. How you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with. 3. How your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.

Let them find out if their ideas is feasible or not.

Characteristics of a Good Problem ü Clear üOrganized ü Specific üWell-defined scope üConcise ü Measurable

Significance of a Problem a. Help answer a problem/need of the people/community/country b. Contribute to the generation of new information c. Develop or improve an existing process d. Contribute to the development of the scientific skills of the researcher

Things to be considered in the Approval of Topic Proposal

Beauty products(soap, shampoo, hand sanitizer etc. ) dermatologists

Food products nutritionist

Pesticides & insecticides

Know first the life cycle of insects/pests

Monggo Seeds X

T Try to AVOID topics like: Malunggay Tawa-Tawa

Try to AVOID topics like: Tuba Water lily

Try to AVOID topics like: Respond of plants in organic and inorganic fertilizers Mongo seeds Organic fertilizers

Try only 1 variable x Lemon & calamansi as insecticide ü Calamansi Insecticide

Remember This: Concentrate in one plant only before comparing/ combining it with other plants.

TRENDING Topics: üPlants which are good absorbent of heavy metals or radiation E. g. kangkong leaves for lead absorption

TRENDING Topics: üDebate between UPLB students vs. Agusan nutritionist about the accumulation of heavy metals in the brain of fish.

TRENDING Topics: Flower preservation Prolonging the shell-life of banana Dried leaves üSimple but has GREAT economic impact

TRENDING Topics: Animicrobial property of plant or fruit Eg. Steroid from eggplant A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.

TRENDING Topics: üTaal- Maliputo üAquatic microorganisms üSugarcane baggasse üChili

TRENDING Topics: Bricks out of cogon grass üGreen algae as a biodiesel ü

üAccept some duplication of Investigatory project unless there will be new variable added.

FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM Types of Variables Independent variables, IV – factors that cause the change; can be manipulated Dependent variables, DV – observed effects; their values are dependent on the IV Extraneous variables, EV – factors that influence the results of the study; must be controlled or maintained during the investigation

Determine IV and DV • The amount of aspirin used does not have any effect on the storage life of roses • The effect of sugar on the preservation of macapuno

Extraneous variable

FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is a tentative answer to the research question; an informed and educated prediction or explanation

FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS Types Of Hypothesis Null: states that there is no significant difference between the results of two conditions Alternative: states that there is a significant difference between the results of two conditions being tested Cause and effect: states that if a certain condition (cause) is true, then a supporting observation (effect) occurs.

FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS Stated Problem and/or Objective NULL ALTERNATIVE Compare the effects of There is no significant There is significant difference horse manure and between the urea on the effects of horse growth of okra in manure and terms of: urea on the following: a. b. c. d. e. Average height of plant Time of flowering plant Number of pods per plant Number of leaves per plant Total weight of plants per plot CAUSE AND EFFECT If there is a significant difference between the effects of horse manure and urea, then the growth of the plants will differ significantly in terms of: a. b. c. d. e. Average height of plant Time of flowering plant Number of pods per plant Number of leaves per plant Total weight of plants per plot

Research design Refers to the plan projecting the arrangement or set-up of condition/s under which the study is undertaken for the purpose of facilitating data collection and analysis

Experimental design Involves manipulation of the independent variable or the assumed cause to be able to measure the dependent variable or the effect.

RESEARCH DESIGN Experimental Design Diagram Problem: Response of Okra to Horse Manure and Urea: A Comparative Study Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the effects of horse manure and urea on the following growth variables : average height, …, etc.

Scope and limitation Scope means the extent of the study while the limitations are its perceived weaknesses which are beyond control of the researcher

Scope and Delimitation of the Study - limits the study in terms of study area, problem, time frame as well as design, instruments etc.

Significance of the study This section bares the contribution of the study particularly its utilization from general to specific sectors of society Explain the relevance and usefulness of the study to specific group or individual users of the results

Definition of terms words or statements are defined according to its use in the research Do not define them as you pick it up from the dictionary

Review of related literature Requires going through related studies in printed matter like books, pamphlets, periodicals and documents Gist of readings Presents summary of information

Organizing your Review of Related Literature 1. Categorize your topics that will lead to your research 2. Group together similar studies that have similar aspects to your research 3. Begin with the most recent and then backward 4. If possible include local researches to avoid unintentional duplication

Review of Related Literature This will provide additional knowledge and insights of the research Survey of Literature and Related Studies - includes the purpose, procedures, findings and recommendations of past researches - discusses relevant information, reviews of recent findings and gaps of existing knowledge of the problem - avoids unintentional replication of researches

Tips in Writing the Review of Related Literature 1. Document accepted facts, concepts and processes upon which the research is based 2. References should correctly be cited and credit be given to authors 3. Describe similarities and differences among research studies as background to your study 4. Include all important information taken from the literature

ALL cited literature was written and published in the past, so use past tense to refer to the findings of these studies Do not use first names when referring to the authors of studies you cite. Use only last names in the body of the manuscript. In the references list, use last names and initials. This approach reduces attention to the gender of the author, thereby attenuating discrimination on irrelevant dimensions.

üExhaust all the materials in the library. üDon’t use wikipedia & bato balani

Wikipedia is contributed by anyone who wants to post material, and the expertise of the posters is not taken into consideration. Wikipedia’s lack of reliability & validity is widely reported.

Methodology - Describes in detail the procedures used in the research which can be evaluated and repeated if necessary. - Informs the reader of the steps undertaken by the researcher and how he did it. - Interpretation of results depends on the methods employed. - The methods will show the validity and reliability of the results, thus becomes acceptable to everyone

The methodology should include the following: 1. Materials and equipments used should be mentioned. 2. Number of trials and replicates be presented 3. Manner of sampling , gathering of data and processing of samples 4. Test of significance

Remember that the methodology is written 1. in the order that they were done during the actual conduct of the experiment. . 2. in the past tense and passive voice. Personal pronouns are not used but instead the third person. 3. the number is spelled out at the start of a sentence. 4. and supported with photographs to illustrate samples and equipments used in the process.

Data Collection/organization/Analysis Classification of Data v Qualitative data: information gathered not based on standard scale or unequal intervals or discrete categories Ex. PLANT LEAF CONDITION 1 2 3 Healthy Not Healthy v Quantitative data: information based on measurement; makes use of a scale of equal interval Ex. VOLUME OF WATER (ml) 100 100 AMOUNT OF SALT (g) 5 3 1

Data Collection/organization/Analysis 4 Scales of Measurement 1. Nominal Data: objects are placed in discrete categories which cannot be ranked in ascending or descending order Ex. SECTION MALE FEMALE A 15 20 B 10 25 2. Ordinal Data: objects are placed into categories which can be ranked or ordered in ascending or descending manner Ex. CONDITION OF PATIENT IN HOSPITAL NO. OF PATIENTS Terminal 10 Very Sick 15 Slightly Sick 40

Data Collection/organization/Analysis 3. Interval Data: data collected using a scale with equal intervals but no absolute zero value Ex. Temperature in o. C 4. Ratio Data: data collected using a scale of equal interval and an absolute zero value Ex. Temperature in o. K Presentation of Data 1. Tables 2. Graphs

RECOMMENDATION Conclusion: a statement which presents the solution to the research problem based on the findings of the investigation. Recommendation: suggested plans on other aspects of the study that can be worked on by the next researcher. Conclusions are based on findings; recommendations are based on conclusion.

Guidelines to consider in making conclusions and recommendations 1. What was the purpose of the research? 2. Was the hypothesis supported by data? 3. What can be an explanation for the results? 4. What is the importance of the experimental results? 5. What recommendations for further study and for improving the experiment can be made?

Conclusion - End of the investigation -Statement where you will present the solution to the proposed problem based on the findings of the investigation. - It discusses the questions raised during presentation and suggests certain considerations that are important. - In experimental investigations, results my be inconclusive. It might lead to trends due to some effects of other variables or by some errors.

Abstract: “A birds-eye-view of what you have done” – or a glimpse of what the investigation was all about. - The abstract is a brief summary of a research but informative enough to present a comprehensive picture of the study. - It is a short paragraph of not more than 200 – 500 words. - It gives the essential features of the research which include the problem, samples, experimental design, procedures, conclusions and recommendations.

Some pointers to Remember Title Page and Abstract Is the title no more than 12 words? Does the abstract range between 150 and 250 words?

Some pointers to Remember Paragraphs and Headings Is each paragraph longer than a single sentence but not longer than one manuscript page?

Some pointers to Remember Abbreviations Are unnecessary abbreviations eliminated and necessary ones explained? Are abbreviations in tables and figures explained in the table notes and figure captions or legends?

Some pointers to Remember References Are references cited both in text and in the reference list? Do the text citations and reference list entries agree both in spelling and in date?

Some pointers to Remember Are journal titles in the reference list spelled out fully? Are the references (both in the parenthetical text citations and in the reference list) ordered alphabetically by the authors’ surnames ?

Criteria for Judging

Criteria for Judging 1. Scientific Concepts - 30% 2. Creativity, Resourcefulness and Inventiveness - 30 % 3. Thoroughness - 15% 4. Research Skills - 15% 5. Oral Presentation - 10%

Criteria for Judging 1. Scientific Concepts - 30% ü Is the statement of the problem clear? ü Are the procedures well defined?

Criteria for Judging 2. Creativity, Resourcefulness and Inventiveness - 30 % ü Is there innovative design or new ideas? ü Is there an ability in presenting the problem and approach to solve the problem?

Criteria for Judging 3. Thoroughness - 15% ü Familiarity with literature 4. Research Skills - 15% ü Use of laboratory 5. Oral Presentation - 10% ü Clarity ü audiovisual materials ü personality

Thank You!