REPTILES REPTILES Testudines 341 species Turtles Testudines Joyce

REPTILES

REPTILES

Testudines 341 species

Turtles: Testudines Joyce et al. 2004 Pleurodira Testudines Cryptodira

Turtle synapomorphies • • • Limb girdles internal to rib cage Lack teeth Loss/fusion of skull bones Anapsid skull Shell – dorsal carapace – ventral plastron

Turtle shell • Carapace (dorsal shell) – Composed of 55 -60 bones • Fused to ribs • Fused to vertebrae • Plastron (ventral shell) – Composed of 9 bones • Bones covered by epidermal "scales"

Life with a shell • Protection from predators • Constrained morphology – Affects physiology, ecology, selective response • Shell shape often reflects ecology ("ecomorphology") – Terrestrial: domed – Aquatic: flattened, streamlined • Storage of calcium • Breathing adaptations

Turtle respiration • Ribs (shell) are rigid, so can't use costal muscles to breathe like other vertebrates • Lungs are dorsal, attached to carapace • Sheets of muscle attach internal organs to shell – One set of muscles pulls internal organs distally in body cavity (inspiration) – Other set pulls organs inwards and upwards towards lungs, forcing air out • Some cutaneous, buccal respiration • Cloacal breathing

1. Premaxilla 2. Prefrontal 3. Frontal 4. Postorbital 5. Parietal 6. Squamosal 7. Supraoccipital 1. Premaxilla 2. Maxilla 3. Vomer 4. Palatine 5. Zygomatic (jugal) 6. Postorbital 
 7. Quadratojugal 8. Quadrate 9. Squamosal 10. Supraoccipital 11. Parietal

Turtle Life History Carnivorous, Omnivorous, or Herbivorous Generally long-lived Internal fertilization All species oviparous – Nest in soil or sand • Temperature dependent sex determination • No parental care • •

Variation in turtles • Skull structure • Aquatic, terrestrial traits – Limbs – Shell • Shell structure – Plastron hinged/rigid – Carapace • Shape, extent • Skin • Omnivore/carnivore/ herbivore

Chelidae: Chelus fimbriatus 11 genera, 54 spp

Pelomedusidae: Pelomedusa subrufa 2 genera, 19 spp

Chelydridae: Chelydra serpentina 2 genera/spp

Emydidae: Terrapene carolina Emydidae: Trachemys scripta 12 genera, 50 spp

Chelonidae: Chelonia mydas 5 genera, 6 spp

Testudinidae: Gopherus berlandieri 11 genera, 58 spp

Trionychidae: Apalone spinifera 14 genera, 30 spp

Kinosternidae: Kinosternon flavescens 3 genera, 25 spp

– Morphology; parsimony • Shaffer et al. (1997) – mt. DNA, morphology; parsimony Cryptodira • Gaffney and Meylan (1988) Pleurodira Turtle phylogeny • Fujita et al. (2004) – n. DNA; likelihood • Krenz et al. (2005) – mt. DNA, n. DNA; parsimony, likelihood, Bayesian • 2010 – Thomson and Shaffer (50 kb n. DNA, mt. DNA; parsimony; 'sparse supermatrix') – Barley et al. (10+ kb n. DNA, mt. DNA; likelihood, Bayesian) – Sterli (morphology, n. DNA, mt. DNA, fossil taxa; parsimony) • 2015 – Crawford et al.

Barley et al.

Barley et al.