Reproductive System Reproductive system functions in gamete Production

Reproductive System • Reproductive system functions in gamete • Production • Storage • Nourishment • Transport • Fertilization • Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System • Pathway of spermatozoa • Epididymis • Ductus deferens (Vas deferens) • Ejaculatory duct • Accessory organs • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral glands • Scrotal sac encloses testes • Penis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 1 The Male Reproductive System Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 1

Figure 28. 3 The Male Reproductive System in Anterior View Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 3

Figure 28. 4 The Structure of the Testes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 4

Spermatogenesis • Seminiferous tubules • Contain spermatogonia • Stem cells involved in spermatogenesis • Contain sustentacular cells • Sustain and promote development of sperm Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 5 The Seminiferous Tubules Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 5 a, b

Figure 28. 5 The Seminiferous Tubules Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 5 c

Figure 28. 7 Spermatogenesis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 7

Figure 28. 8 Spermiogenesis and Spermatozoon Structure Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 8

Male reproductive tract • Testes produce mature spermatozoa • Sperm enter epididymus • Elongated tubule with head, body and tail regions • Monitors and adjusts fluid in seminiferous tubules • Stores and protects spermatozoa • Facilitates functional maturation of spermatozoa Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 9 The Epididymus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 9

Accessory glands • Seminal vesicles • Active secretory gland • Contributes ~60% total volume of semen • Secretions contain fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Accessory glands • Prostate gland • Secretes slightly acidic prostate fluid • Bulbourethral glands • Secrete alkaline mucus with lubricating properties Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 10 The Ductus Deferens and Accessory Glands Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 10 a-e

Contents of Semen • Typical ejaculate = 2 -5 ml fluid • Contains between 20 – 100 million spermatozoa per ml • Seminal fluid • A distinct ionic and nutritive glandular secretion Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 11 The Penis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 11

Hormones and male reproductive function • FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) • Targets sustentacular cells to promote spermatogenesis • LH (leutinizing hormone) • Causes secretion of testosterone and other androgens • Gn. RH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) • Testosterone • Most important androgen PLAY Animation: Male Reprroductive System Flythrough Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 12 Hormonal Feedback and the Regulation of the Male Reproductive Function Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 12

SECTION 28 -3 The Reproductive System of the Female Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Principle organs of the female reproductive system • Ovaries • Uterine tubes • Uterus • Vagina Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 13 The Female Reproductive System Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 13

Figure 28. 14 The Ovaries and Their Relationships to the Uterine Tube and Uterus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 14 a, b

Oogenesis • Ovum production • Occurs monthly in ovarian follicles • Part of ovarian cycle • Follicular phase (preovulatory) • Luteal phase (postovulatory) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 15 Oogenesis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 15

Figure 28. 16 The Ovarian Cycle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 16

Figure 28. 16 The Ovarian Cycle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 16

Figure 28. 17 The Uterine Tubes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 17 a-c

The uterus • Muscular organ • Mechanical protection • Nutritional support • Waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus • Supported by the broad ligament and 3 pairs of suspensory ligaments Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Uterine wall consists of three layers: • Myometrium – outer muscular layer • Endometrium – a thin, inner, glandular mucosa • Perimetrium – an incomplete serosa continuous with the peritoneum Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 18 The Uterus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 18 a, b

Figure 28. 18 The Uterus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 18 c

Figure 28. 19 The Uterine Wall Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 19 a

Figure 28. 19 The Uterine Wall Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 19 b

Uterine cycle • Repeating series of changes in the endometrium • Continues from menarche to menopause • Menses • Degeneration of the endometrium • Menstruation • Proliferative phase • Restoration of the endometrium • Secretory phase • Endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 20 The Uterine Cycle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 20

External genitalia • Vulva • Vestibule • Labia minora and majora • Paraurethral glands • Clitoris • Lesser and greater vestibular glands Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 22 The Female External Genitalia Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 22

Figure 28. 23 The Mammary Glands Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 23 a-c

Hormones of the female reproductive cycle • Control the reproductive cycle • Coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hormones of the female reproductive cycle • Key hormones include: • FSH • Stimulates follicular development • LH • Maintains structure and secretory function of corpus luteum • Estrogens • Have multiple functions • Progesterones • Stimulate endometrial growth and secretion Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 28. 25 The Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Activity Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 25

Figure 28. 26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 26 a-c

Figure 28. 26 The Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle PLAY Animation: Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 28. 26 d-f