REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Copyright 2003 by Mosby Inc All

Structure and Function • Function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring • Puberty is the age at which the reproductive organs mature sufficiently to allow reproduction • Reproductive organs of both the male and female produce sex cells called gametes • A combination of the female gamete (ova) and male gamete (sperm) is called fertilization Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Male Organs of Reproduction • Testes – Produce sperm and secrete testosterone causing the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics like facial and body hair, deepened voice, increased muscle mass, and thickening of the bones • Epididymis – A tube on the surface of each testis that stores the sperm while they mature • Penis – Semen and urine are excreted Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Female Organs of Reproduction • Ovaries – Glands that produce eggs and hormones estrogen and progesterone • Fallopian tubes – Transport the mature ovum from the ovary to the uterus • Uterus – A muscular structure in which the zygote is implanted following conception Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Female Organs of Reproduction (continued) • Cervix – Neck of the uterus; for delivery of a fetus • Vagina – A muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Female Organs of Reproduction (continued) • Clitoris – Small projection of tissue located between the labia minora • Mammary glands – Ducts that secrete milk (lactation) following pregnancy Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Menstrual Cycle • Lasts approximately 28 days • A complex process of hormone secretion and tissue changes in the uterus • A mature ovum is released from an ovary on about the 14 th day of each cycle • If the released ovum is not fertilized, the endometrium is released from the body along with the ovum • The sloughing of this bloody tissue, or menses, lasts from 3 to 7 days • The menstrual cycle continues until 45 to 50 years of age Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 20 -6 Menstrual Cycle Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pregnancy • Pregnancy results from the union of the ovum and sperm, usually in the fallopian tube • Growth of an offspring in the uterus lasts about 280 days (9 months) • The fertilized egg is known as a zygote from the time of conception to 2 weeks • It is then considered to be the morula and enters the uterus Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pregnancy (continued) • As a blastocyst, it implants in the uterine wall and is considered to be an embryo through the eighth week • From 8 weeks to birth, the unborn baby is called a fetus • During the first 30 days of life, the baby is considered to be a neonate Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Labor and Delivery • Three stages of labor – First stage: muscle contractions of the uterus cause the amniotic sac to rupture and the cervix to open (dilate) to about 10 cm in diameter allowing passage of the fetus – Second stage: delivery of the baby, called parturition – Third stage: delivery of the afterbirth, or placenta, which takes place about 15 minutes later Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth and Development • Growth refers to the changes that can be measured by changes in height and weight as well as changes in body proportions • Development describes the stages of change in psychological and social functioning Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment Techniques • • Cystoscopy Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Pap smear Mammography Amniocentesis Ultrasonography Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Self-examinations Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Reproductive System • Benign prostatic hypertrophy – An age-associated condition in men in which the prostate grows and may stiffen, causing blockage of the urethra • Cancer of the female reproductive system – Breast, endometrial, and cervical • Cancer of the testes • Chancroid – A contagious bacterial infection characterized by painful ulcers on the genital area Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued) • Chlamydia – Caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common sexually transmitted disease • Cryptorchidism – The failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth • Ectopic pregnancy – One that occurs in an abnormal location in the body Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued) • Endometriosis – Growth of endometrial tissue in an area other than the uterus • Erythroblastosis fetalis – Condition that may develop in an Rh+ fetus of an Rh- mother who has developed antibodies against the Rh blood protein in a prior pregnancy • Fetal alcohol syndrome – Physical and mental birth defects that result from damage to the fetus by alcohol consumed by the mother Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued) • Fibroid tumors – Benign growths found in the uterus • Genital warts – Caused by one type of human papillomavirus • Gonorrhea – Bacterial infection and one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases • Herpes simplex virus – One of the most common sexually transmitted diseases Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued) • Human papillomavirus – Infection often does not cause visible symptoms • Klinefelter's syndrome – A defect appearing in males who carry an extra chromosome resulting in a karyotype of XXY • Leukorrhea – A whitish vaginal discharge • Menstrual disorders • Orchitis – An inflammation of the testes Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued) • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – Associated with infection by gonorrhea or Chlamydia • Phimosis – A narrowing of the foreskin of the glans penis • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Women experience irritability, depression, impaired concentration, headache, and edema • Pubic lice – Yellow-gray parasites found in the pubic hair Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Disorders of the Reproductive System (continued) • Syphilis – Caused by a spirochete bacteria, Treponema pallidum • Trichomonas vaginalis – A parasitic protozoon • Vaginitis – A nonspecific infection • Yeast infection – An overgrowth of yeast in the vagina Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Issues and Innovations • Alternatives in conception – Birth control – In vitro fertilization – Surrogacy • Infertility – One out of every six couples is infertile – Factors include low sperm count, STDs, and stress • Redefining the sexes – Homosexual and bisexual Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.