REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM By Emily Migliorini Graham Munson Cole

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM By: Emily Migliorini, Graham Munson, Cole Pecora, & Alexia Petruzziello

Definition Reproductive System: a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. *Female and male systems work together to produce offspring

Male Reproductive System

Overview https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=90 R 25 Qk D 4 mc

Comparison of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems Female ● ● ● ● XY Chromosomes sex cells produced in ovaries Sex organs located entirely in the pelvis Egg Sex Cell travels through fallopian tubes produces sex hormone Estrogen Vagina-where sex cell exits body Male ● Produce gametes and hormones ● designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm ● start making an increasing number of hormones at puberty ● ● ● ● Produced in testes XX Chromosomes Sex organs located outside of the body. Sperm Sex Cell travels through Vas deferens testosterone Penis-where sex cell exits body

Female Reproductive System ● Female’s sexual organs are located inside the body ● Born with all of the potential eggs they will ever have. After puberty, one egg matures a month. ● When a mature egg is released from an ovary, it travels through one of the fallopian tubes ● If an egg meets sperm while in the fallopian tube, fertilization is likely to result *only one sperm can successfully fertilize the egg.

Female Reproductive System ● Designed to carry out several functions o produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction (ova) o transports the ova to the site of fertilization(Fallopian tube) o produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle o enables sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms ● Involves: ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina, and the vulva

Female Reproductive System Menstruation(lasts 4 -6 days) ● If an egg has not been fertilized, it starts to break down as it enters the uterus. ● The lining of the uterus, which has been thickening with blood and extra tissue to support the fertilized egg, also breaks down. ● The unfertilized egg and extra tissue leave the uterus through an opening called the cervix ● They enter the vagina and leave the body

Ovaries ● pair of small glands located on the left and right sides of the pelvic body cavity lateral to the superior portion of the uterus ● produce: o female sex hormones § estrogen and progesterone o ova (commonly called "eggs"), the female gametes

Fallopian Tubes ● a pair of muscular tubes that extend from the left and right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries ● end in a funnel-shaped structure ● the inside of each fallopian tube is covered in cilia that work with the smooth muscle of the tube to carry the ovum to the uterus

Uterus (womb) ● Located posterior and superior to the urinary bladder ● Connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior end and to the vagina (via the cervix) ● surrounds and supports the developing fetus during pregnancy ● inner lining of the uterus o Endometrium § provides support for embryo ● the visceral muscles of the uterus contract during childbirth to push the fetus through the birth canal

Vagina ● an elastic, muscular tube ● connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the body ● located inferior to the uterus and posterior to the urinary bladder ● functions o the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse o carries sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes o serves as the birth canal by stretching to allow delivery of the fetus during childbirth

Vulva ● located in the pubic region of the body ● surrounds the external ends of the urethral opening and the vagina ● includes: o the mons pubis (pubic mound) § a raised layer of adipose tissue between the skin and the pubic bone § cushions vulva o labia major § the inferior portion of the mons pubis splits into left and right halves § enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs o labia minora § smaller, hairless folds of skin § surround the vaginal and urethral openings o clitoris § small mass of erectile tissue § contains many nerve endings

Process of Male Reproductive System ● Sperm are produced in the testes ● They travel through one of two muscular tubes inside the body called the vas deferens ● They mix with several fluids. This mixture of fluids is called semen. ● From these tubes the sperm-rich semen passes into the urethra within the penis. (tube urine travels through) ● When semen passes through the urethra, muscles near the bladder contract ● Contraction is so semen and urine do not travel through the urethra at the same time. ● Semen leaves the body through the opening of the penis.

Scrotum ● Skin, muscle, connective tissue ● made up of 2 testicles ● keeps the temperature of the testes slightly lower than that of the rest of the body (homeostatsis)

Testes ● Produce sperm and testosterone ● Each testis is found inside its own pouch on one side of the scrotum ● connected to the abdomen by a spermatic cord and cremaster muscle ● The inside of the testes are divided into small compartments known as lobules o small lobes

Penis ● the male sex organ ● roughly cylindrical ● contains the urethra and the external opening of the urethra ● large pockets of erectile tissue in the penis allow it to fill with blood and become erect o the erection of the penis causes it to increase in size and become turgid

Sperm Formation ● Meiosis forms sperm in gametes ● Sperm forms in testes ● Scrotum keeps sperm cooler than the inside of the body, ideal location and heat ● Sperm with protecting fluid is called seman ● Goes through the vas deferens and then through the Urethra after leaving the testes

Ovum Formation ● Meiosis forms the egg ● Eggs are formed in the female before birth occurs ● Usually, one egg is released from the ovaries after it is matured, once a month ● The fallopian tube is the place of travel for the eggs and is also the place where fertilization may occur

Fertilization ● Only one sperm is used to fertilize an egg at one time ● When an egg becomes fertilized it gets the name of a zygote ● The average length of the pregnancy process last 9 months

Implantation of The Zygote ● The zygotes are formed in the thick walls of the uterus ● Zygote slowly forms into an embryo ● The umbilical cord provides the embryo with the essential nutrients to survive ● The uterus grows along with the embryo, which causes for the pregnant woman to have that larger body size

The First Trimester ● ● ● Known as the first 13 weeks of pregnancy The heart of the embryo develops Spine and brain develop after Other body formations develop after Side Effects : o Morning Sickness: Fatigue and nausea o Breast Tenderness: This is from change in hormones and is really the first sign of pregnancy. o Constipation: Food that moves through the intestines slow down because of higher levels of hormone progesterone o Bleeding: 25% of early pregnancies experience slight bleeding in the vagina. Light spotting in the area shows that the fertilized embryo has been planted in the uterus

Second Trimester ● 14 -27 weeks ● the nausea and fatigue should begin to stop going into it (morning sickness) ● Baby starts to kick ● Fingers and toes develop well ● Eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, hair and nails are also formed ● side effects: ○ congested nose: leading to snoring at night ○ breast enlargement: most of the growing will happen in the first trimester but will still continue to grow to feed the baby ○ bleeding gums: hormonal changes send more blood to the mouth causing gums to bleed. ○ backache: caused by extra weight from the baby

Third Trimester ● ● ● ● Week 27 -end of pregnancy Side effects: o Backache o Bleeding o Breast enlargement o Discharge o Braxton Hicks contractions o Spider veins o Constant urination Fat is deposited to the baby Hearing is developed Position changes to prepare for birth Stay away from a lot of exercise Each small meals, frequently

Diseases for Women Cervical Cancer: ● Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and vagina). ● cells of the cervix become abnormal ● slow-growing cancer ● found with regular Pap tests (a procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at under a microscope) ● almost always caused by human papillomavirus infection.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms of Cervical Cancer include: ●Vaginal bleeding after intercourse. ●Watery/bloody vaginal discharge. ●Pelvic pain. Treatment: ● Removal of the uterus and cervix (surgery) ● Radiation Therapy ● Chemotherapy

Endometriosis ● an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Symptoms: ● Painful periods ● Pain with intercourse ● Pain with bowel movements/urination ● Excessive bleeding ● Infertility

Causes: ● Immune system disorder o makes the body unable to recognize and destroy endometrial tissue that's growing outside the uterus ● Embryonic cell growth o one or more small areas of the abdominal lining turn into endometrial tissue ● Endometrial cells transport o The blood vessels or tissue fluid (lymphatic) system may transport endometrial cells to other parts of the body Treatments: ● Pain medications ● Hormone Therapy ● Conservative Surgery

Diseases For Males Prostate cancer ● Most common form of cancer in men over 40 ● risks of developing increase with age. ● developed in the prostate ● Tumor is formed due to abnormal cells multiplying and reproducing

Prostate Cancer Symptoms of early prostate cancer: ● A frequent need to urinate, especially at night ● Difficulty starting or stopping a stream of urine ● Blood in urine or semen Symptoms of advanced prostate cancer include: ● Dull, deep pain or stiffness in the pelvis, lower back, ribs, or upper thighs; pain in the bones of those areas ● Loss of weight and appetite, fatigue, nausea, or vomiting

Prostate Cancer The three options for early-stage/low-risk prostate cancer are: ● Surgery ● Radiation therapy - external beam radiation or radioactive tumor seeding ● Active surveillance- expectant management or watchful waiting. (a form of patient management that involves close observation and testing. )

Hydrocele ● a fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle that results in swelling of the scrotum, the loose bag of skin underneath the penis. o common in newborns, but most hydroceles disappear without treatment within the first year of life o Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum. Symptoms: ● Scrotal swelling (one or both testicles) ● discomfort and pain in the penis and testicles

Causes: Babies ● can develop in the womb ● opening between abdomen and scrotum Men ● inflammation or injury in the scrotum Treatments: ● surgical excision ● needle aspiration

Infertility Not being able to get pregnant despite having frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year for most people. Signs/Symptoms the inability for a couple to get pregnant. an infertile woman may have irregular or absent menstrual periods. an infertile man may have some signs of hormonal problems, such as changes in hair growth or sexual function.

Infertility-Female Damage of the fallopian tubes Fertilization is prevented due to sperm and the egg may never come in contact Hormonal causessome women have problems with ovulation Cervical causes- cervical condition in which the sperm cannot pass through the cervical canal. Uterine causes- Abnormal anatomy of the uterus; the presence of polyps and fibroids.

Infertility-Male Abnormal sperm production or function- Enlarged veins in the testes can increase blood flow and heat, affecting the number and shape of sperm. Overexposure to certain environmental factors-radiation, or to certain medications (anabolic steroids, or marijuana) Problems with the delivery of sperm- due to sexual problems, such as premature ejaculation; semen entering the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm or damage or injury to the reproductive organs.

How Is the Cause of Infertility Determined? If male infertility is suspected tests can be performed: Semen analysis- will evaluate the number and health of his sperm Blood test- to check his level of testosterone and other male hormones If female infertility is suspected tests include: A blood test to check hormone levels An endometrial biopsy to check the lining of the uterus

Treatment *Some causes of infertility can't be corrected. However, a woman may still become pregnant with assisted reproductive technology For women: Stimulating ovulation with fertility drugs. Surgery to restore fertility. For male: Sperm retrieval. Surgery, hormones or assisted reproductive technology Medication or behavioral approaches.

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