Reproductive System AP Biology Reproductive hormones Testosterone u

Reproductive System AP Biology

Reproductive hormones Testosterone u u from testes sperm production & sex characteristics Estrogen u u from ovaries egg production, preparing uterus for fertilized egg & sex characteristics Regents Biology

Male reproductive system Sperm production over 100 million produced per day! Regents Biology u ~2. 5 million released per drop! u

seminiferous tubule spermatocytes Regents Biology

Male reproductive system Testes & epididymis u Glands u Regents Biology sperm production & maturation seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethal (Cooper’s Gland) produce white seminal fluidnutrient-rich

Male reproductive system Testicles u Scrotum u where sperm mature- 18 hrs Vas Deferens u sac that holds testicles outside of body- maintains lower temperature Epididymis u produces sperm & hormones tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis Prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s (bulbourethal) glands u nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm Regents Biology

Testis and Spermatogenesis Regents Biology

Spermatozoa u Head contains nucleus- contains enzymes that help the sperm enter the egg. Regents Biology body and tail allow movement Mitochondria- provides ATP for movement

Female reproductive system Regents Biology

Female reproductive system Ovaries- have 2 u produces eggs & hormones- estrogen & progesterone Uterus u Site for fetal development, nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month- menstruation- shedding of the lining of the uterus. Fallopian tubes- 2 u tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus u Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes Cervix u (separates vagina from uterus) opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby Vagina u birth canal for birthing baby Regents Biology

Female reproductive system Regents Biology

Egg maturation in ovary releases progesterone maintains uterus lining produces estrogen Regents Biology

LH Menstrual cycle Controlled by interaction of 4 egg development hormones FSH & LH u estrogen u progesterone FSH ovulation = egg release corpus luteum u estrogen progesterone lining of uterus Regents Biology days 0 7 14 21 28

Feedback Female reproductive cycle egg matures & is released (ovulation) estrogen builds up uterus lining corpus luteum ovary progesterone FSH & LH maintains uterus lining fertilized egg (zygote) yes pituitary gland pregnancy Gn. RH Regents Biology hypothalamus no corpus luteum breaks down progesterone drops menstruation HCG corpus luteum progesterone maintains uterus lining

Female hormones FSH & LH u u Estrogen u u stimulates egg development & hormone release peak release = release of egg (ovulation) stimulates growth of lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation Progesterone u u stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation Regents Biology

Fertilization Regents Biology

Fertilization- process where sperm enters and fertilizes egg (ovum)- resulting in the formation of a zygote Regents Biology

Sex Determination in Mammals Regents Biology

Twins Identical Twins- ONE fertilization u Zygote splits into two with each being identical to one another Regents Biology

§Fraternal Twins- TWO fertilizations §Two different zygotes (different egg and sperm) Regents Biology

Siamese Twins- identical twins whose bodies fail to fully separate- and stay joined together Regents Biology

Regents Biology

Placenta & umbilical cord Allows for nutrients and gases to be exchanged between mom and child Food & gases diffuse across blood vessels Regents Biology

Human fetal development 4 weeks Regents Biology 7 weeks

Human fetal development 10 weeks Regents Biology

Human fetal development 12 weeks Regents Biology 20 weeks

Human fetal development The fetus just spends much of the 2 nd & 3 rd trimesters just growing …and doing various flip-turns & kicks inside amniotic fluid Week 20 Regents Biology

Human fetal development 24 weeks (6 months; 2 nd trimester) fetus is covered with fine, downy hair called lanugo. Its skin is protected by a waxy material called vernix Regents Biology

Human fetal development 30 weeks (7. 5 months) umbilical cord Regents Biology

Getting crowded in there!! 32 weeks (8 months) The fetus sleeps 90 -95% of the day & sometimes experiences REM sleep, an indication of dreaming Regents Biology

positive feedback Birth Regents Biology

Birth (36 weeks) Intestine Placenta Umbilical cord Wall of uterus Bladder Cervix Vagina Regents Biology

The end of the journey! And you think 9 months of Biology is hard! Regents Biology

Harmful Environmental Factors Embryo’s inherited genes can cause diseases u Mutations- changes in DNA (DNA makes up chromosomes) Mother’s exposure to harmful environmental factors such as DRUGS, POOR DIET, ALCOHOL, TOBACCO can cause developmental problems and learning disabilities Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)- diseases passed on from person to person through sexual contact u AIDS, Chlamydia, Syphilis Regents Biology

Let’s Practice! 1. Which statement about the gametes represented in the diagram below is correct? 1. 2. 3. 4. They are produced by females. They are fertilized in an ovary. They transport genetic material. They are produced by mitosis. Regents Biology

Let’s Practice! 1. Which statement about the gametes represented in the diagram below is correct? 1. 2. 3. 4. They transport genetic material. Regents Biology

2. Base your answer on your knowledge of biology and on the diagrams. Testosterone is produced by 1. structure A 2. structure B 3. structure C 4. structure D Regents Biology

2. Base your answer on your knowledge of biology and on the diagrams. Testosterone is produced by 1. 2. 3. structure C 4. Regents Biology

3. Base your answer to this question on the diagram below, which represents some stages in the development of an embryo, and on your knowledge of biology. The arrow labeled X represents the process of 1. 2. 3. 4. meiosis recombination differentiation cloning Regents Biology

3. Base your answer to this question on the diagram below, which represents some stages in the development of an embryo, and on your knowledge of biology. The arrow labeled X represents the process of 1. 2. 3. 4. meiosis Regents Biology

1. 2. 3. 4. Base your answer on the diagram and your knowledge of biology. Gamete cells are produced within structures A and J structures E and G structures B and I structures D and H Regents Biology

1. 2. 3. 4. Base your answer on the diagram and your knowledge of biology. Gamete cells are produced within structures E and G Regents Biology

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The diagram represents some stages in the development of an embryo. Which stage represents a zygote? stage A stage B stage C stage D Regents Biology

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The diagram represents some stages in the development of an embryo. Which stage represents a zygote? stage A Regents Biology

6. The primary function of structure X is to 1. 2. 3. 4. produce energy needed for sperm to move provide food for the sperm to carry to the egg produce and store urine form gametes that may be involved in fertilization Regents Biology

6. The primary function of structure X is to 1. 2. 3. form gametes that may be involved in fertilization 4. Regents Biology

7. Although all the body cells in an animal contain the same hereditary information, they do not all look and function the same way. The cause of this difference is that during differentiation 1. 2. 3. 4. embryonic cells use different portions of their genetic information the number of genes increases as embryonic cells move to new locations embryonic cells delete portions of the chromosomes genes in embryonic cells mutate rapidly Regents Biology

7. Although all the body cells in an animal contain the same hereditary information, they do not all look and function the same way. The cause of this difference is that during differentiation 2. embryonic cells use different portions of their genetic information 3. 4. 1. Regents Biology

8. Which hormone has the lowest concentration on which day? 1. 2. 3. 4. hormone A on day 4 hormone B on day 2 hormone C on day 12 hormone D on day 20 Regents Biology

8. Which hormone has the lowest concentration on which day? 1. 2. 3. 4. hormone B on day 2 Regents Biology

1. 2. 3. 4. 9. During which five -week period did the fetal mass increase at the greatest rate? weeks 10– 15 weeks 15– 20 weeks 25– 30 weeks 30– 35 Regents Biology

1. 2. 3. 4. 9. During which five -week period did the fetal mass increase at the greatest rate? weeks 30– 35 Regents Biology

10. Human egg cells are most similar to human sperm cells in their 1. 2. 3. 4. degree of motility amount of stored food chromosome number shape and size Regents Biology

10. Human egg cells are most similar to human sperm cells in their 1. 2. 3. 4. chromosome number Regents Biology

11. The process of meiosis formed 1. 2. 3. 4. cell 1, only cells 1 and 2 cell 3, only cells 2 and 3 Regents Biology

11. The process of meiosis formed 1. 2. 3. 4. cells 1 and 2 Regents Biology

12. Heavy cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol throughout pregnancy usually increase the likelihood of 1. 2. 3. 4. the birth of twins the birth of a male baby a baby being born with a viral infection a baby being born with medical problems Regents Biology

12. Heavy cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol throughout pregnancy usually increase the likelihood of 1. 2. 3. 4. a baby being born with medical problems Regents Biology

13. A large number of sperm cells are produced by males every day. This large number of sperm cells increases the chance that 1. 2. 3. 4. at least one sperm cell will be reached when the eggs swim toward the sperm cells in the ovary several sperm cells will unite with an egg so the fertilized egg will develop properly some of the sperm cells will survive to reach the egg enough sperm cells will be present to transport the egg from where it is produced to where it develops into a fetus Regents Biology

13. A large number of sperm cells are produced by males every day. This large number of sperm cells increases the chance that 1. 2. 3. some of the sperm cells will survive to reach the egg 4. Regents Biology

14. In 1993, there were only 30 panthers in Florida. They were all closely related and many had reproductive problems. To avoid extinction and restore health to the population, biologists introduced 8 female panthers from Texas. Today, there are more than 80 panthers in Florida and most individuals have healthy reproductive systems. The success of this program was most likely due to the fact that the introduced females 1. 2. 3. 4. produced more reproductive cells than the male panthers in Texas solved the reproductive problems of the species by asexual methods increased the genetic variability of the panther population in Florida mated only with panthers from Texas Regents Biology

14. In 1993, there were only 30 panthers in Florida. They were all closely related and many had reproductive problems. To avoid extinction and restore health to the population, biologists introduced 8 female panthers from Texas. Today, there are more than 80 panthers in Florida and most individuals have healthy reproductive systems. The success of this program was most likely due to the fact that the introduced females 1. 2. 3. increased the genetic variability of the panther population in Florida 4. Regents Biology

1. 2. 3. 4. 15. Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals could alter the genetic information in the gametes that form in structure A B C D Regents Biology

15. Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals could alter the genetic information in the gametes that form in structure 1. 2. 3. B 4. Regents Biology

16. Which event would most probably result in the production of fraternal twins? 1. 2. 3. 4. One egg is fertilized by two sperm cells. Two egg cells are fertilized by one sperm cell. Two egg cells are each fertilized by separate sperm cells. Two eggs develop without fertilization. Regents Biology

16. Which event would most probably result in the production of fraternal twins? 1. 2. 3. 4. Two egg cells are each fertilized by separate sperm cells. Regents Biology

17. Compared to human cells resulting from mitotic cell division, human cells resulting from meiotic cell division would have 1. 2. 3. 4. twice as many chromosomes the same number of chromosomes one-half the number of chromosomes one-quarter as many chromosomes Regents Biology

17. Compared to human cells resulting from mitotic cell division, human cells resulting from meiotic cell division would have 1. 2. 3. 4. one-half the number of chromosomes Regents Biology

18. Which phrase best describes a process represented in the diagram below? 1. 2. 3. 4. a zygote dividing by mitosis a zygote dividing by meiosis a gamete dividing by mitosis a gamete dividing by meiosis Regents Biology

18. Which phrase best describes a process represented in the diagram below? 1. 2. 3. 4. a zygote dividing by mitosis Regents Biology

19. A cell with a diploid chromosome number of 12 divided two times, producing four cells with six chromosomes each. The process that produced these four cells was most likely 1. 2. 3. 4. internal fertilization external fertilization mitotic cell division meiotic cell division Regents Biology

19. A cell with a diploid chromosome number of 12 divided two times, producing four cells with six chromosomes each. The process that produced these four cells was most likely 1. 2. 3. 4. mitotic cell division Regents Biology

20. Which structure is correctly paired with its function? 1. 2. 3. 4. A - releases estrogen and progesterone B - produces and releases the egg C - provides the usual site for fertilization D - nourishes a developing embryo Regents Biology

20. Which structure is correctly paired with its function? 1. 2. B - produces and releases the egg 3. 4. Regents Biology