REPRODUCTION OF ORGANISMS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION TYPE OF REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION OF ORGANISMS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • TYPE OF REPRODUCTION IN WHICH THE GENETIC MATERIAL FROM TWO DIFFERENT CELLS COMBINE, PRODUCING AN OFFSPRING

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • EGG • FEMALE SEX CELL • FORMS IN OVARY • SPERM • MALE SEX CELL • FORMS IN TESTIS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION FERTILIZATION • AN EGG AND SPERM CELL JOIN TOGETHER

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • ZYGOTE • NEW CELL THAT FORMS FROM FERTILIZATION • GOES THROUGH CELL CYCLE • FORMS TWO KINDS OF CELLS • BODY CELLS • SEX CELLS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • BODY CELLS • ALLOW ORGANISM TO GROW • CALLED DIPLOID

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • BODY CELLS • HAVE CHROMOSOMES THAT OCCUR IN PAIRS • HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES • HAVE GENES FOR THE SAME TRAITS ARRANGED IN THE SAME ORDER • DIFFERENT ORGANISMS HAVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF CHROMOSOMES • TOO MANY OR TOO FEW CHROMOSOMES CAUSES A ZYGOTE TO NOT DEVELOP PROPERLY

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • SEX CELLS • ALLOW ORGANISM TO REPRODUCE • CALLED HAPLOID • HAVE ONLY ONE CHROMOSOME FROM EACH PAIR

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • MEIOSIS • OCCURS ONLY IN FORMATION OF SEX CELLS • ONE DIPLOID CELL DIVIDES AND MAKES FOUR HAPLOID SEX CELLS • MEIOSIS ENSURES THAT CHROMOSOME

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSI S EGG Egg Fertilizatio SPERM Sperm FERTILIZATI n ON ZYGOTE Zygote MITOSIS Mitosis

SEXUAL Characteristic Meiosis Mitosis REPRODUCTION NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IN PARENT CELL TYPE OF PARENT CELL NUMBER OF DIVISIONS OF NUCLEI NUMBER OF DAUGHTER CELLS NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES DIPLOID SEX (REPRODUCTIVE) TWO BODY FOUR TWO HAPLOID DIPLOID ONE

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • PROPHASE I • NUCLEAR MEMBRANE BREAKS APART • CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE AND FORM HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • METAPHASE I • HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES LINE UP IN THE CENTER OF THE CELL • SPINDLE FIBERS ATTACH TO EACH CHROMOSOME

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • ANAPHASE I • HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE AND ARE PULLED TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • TELOPHASE I • NUCLEAR MEMBRANE FORMS AROUND EACH SET OF CHROMOSOMES • THE CYTOPLASM DIVIDES, FORMING TWO DAUGHTER CELLS

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • PROPHASE II • NUCLEAR MEMBRANE BREAKS APART

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • METAPHASE II • SISTER CHROMATIDS LINE UP ALONG THE CENTER OF THE CELL

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • ANAPHASE II • SISTER CHROMATIDS OF EACH CHROMOSOME BEGIN TO SEPARATE AND ARE PULLED TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • TELOPHASE II • A NUCLEAR MEMBRANE FORMS AROUND EACH SET OF CHROMATIDS • THE CYTOPLASM DIVIDES

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • ADVANTAGES • GENETIC VARIATION • ALLOWS FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES • MAY BE AN ADVANTAGE IF THE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES • SELECTIVE BREEDING • USED TO DEVELOP PLANTS AND ANIMALS WITH DESIRABLE TRAITS • DISADVANTAGES • TIME AND ENERGY

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • ONE PARENT ORGANISM PRODUCES OFFSPRING WITHOUT MEIOSIS AND FERTILIZATION • ADVANTAGES • CAN RAPIDLY REPRODUCE • CAN REPRODUCE WITHOUT A MATE • DISADVANTAGES • GENETICALLY IDENTICAL OFFSPRING—NO GENETIC VARIATION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • FISSION • CELL DIVISION IN PROKARYOTES THAT FORMS TWO GENETICALLY IDENTICAL INDIVIDUALS • EX: E. COLI

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • MITOTIC CELL DIVISION • UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES REPRODUCE THROUGH MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION • EX: AMOEBA

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • BUDDING • A NEW ORGANISM GROWS BY MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION ON THE BODY OF ITS PARENT • BUD IS GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • ANIMAL REGENERATION • PRODUCING NEW OFFSPRING • OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL • EX: PLANARIAN

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • ANIMAL REGENERATION • PRODUCING NEW BODY PARTS • NOT ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • REGENERATES LOST OR DAMAGED BODY PARTS

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • VEGETATIVE REGENERATION • OFFSPRING GROW FROM PART PF A PLANT • USUALLY INVOLVES STRUCTURES SUCH AS ROOTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES • OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • CLONING • PERFORMED IN A LABORATORY • PRODUCES IDENTICAL INDIVIDUALS FROM A CELL OR A CLUSTER OF CELLS TAKEN FROM A MULTICELLULAR

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • PLANT CLONING • ANIMAL CLONING • USES TISSUE • GENETIC COPY OF ITS CULTURE TO MAKE PARENT PLANTS WITH • MAY SAVE ANIMALS DESIRABLE TRAITS FROM EXTINCTION OR WITHOUT DISEASE • CONCERNS ABOUT ETHICAL ISSUES