REPRODUCTION OF MYRIAPODA Anthony Rich Kimberly Cerilli Revised

REPRODUCTION OF MYRIAPODA Anthony Rich Kimberly Cerilli Revised: 11/28/17

REPRODUCTION OF MYRIAPODA • Dioecious – Males and Females • Gonads • Internal fertilization by spermatophores • Oviparous – Releases eggs with in it’s life cycle • Instar stages

FOUR CLASSES • Chilopoda – Centipede • Diplopoda – Millipede • Pauropoda – Small, pale millipede organisms • Symphyla – Garden centipedes, soil dwelling, small translucent organisms https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imag es&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwj. Xu. Pr. Jpa 3 XAh. UL 5 IMK Hcq. MBEIQj. Rw. IBw&url=https%3 A%2 F%2 Fbillclarkbugsperts. co m%2 Fcentipedes%2 F&psig=AOv. Vaw 2 Dw. Dd. SBxj_p. Bcxwy 9 J 7 H w 8&ust=1510172626508174 https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour ce=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwj. Qkqbp pa 3 XAh. Ub 3 YMKHei 5 B 20 Qj. Rw. IBw&url=https%3 A%2 F% 2 Fwww. thoughtco. com%2 Ffascinating-facts-aboutmillipedes 1968229&psig=AOv. Vaw 3 R 0 c 0 Ht 81 la. N 5 w 1 o. XN_5 Xp&us https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=im ages&cd=&ved=0 ah. UKEwjfc 2 Bpq 3 XAh. WG 7 YMKHdg. BDg. QQj. Rw. IBw&url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fkeys. lucidcentral. org%2 Fkeys%2 Fv 3%2 FTFI%2 Fstart%2520 k ey%2 Fkey%2 Fmyriapoda%2520 key%2 FMedia%2 FHTML%2 F Pauropoda. html&psig=AOv. Vaw 2 NBvw 0 Zpby. Ca_1 k. DTa 09 uu& https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour ce=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwjewo. Kh pq 3 XAh. Wb 14 MKHSlo. Bnc. Qj. Rw. IBw&url=https%3 A%2 F% 2 Fen. wikipedia. org%2 Fwiki%2 FSymphyla&psig=AOv. Va w 0 -Q 3 hz. JL 4 Afbth. Iyz. KF 2 Tc&ust=1510172807626250

CHILOPODA REPRODUCTION • Females release pheromones • Male produce a silk pad with the sperm deposited on it. • Spermatophore • Courtship dance • Males tap or grab ahold of the hind legs of the female to guide them to the sperm • Occasionally spermatophore is just left for female to find https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=& esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact= 8&ved=0 ah. UKEwi 66_jdpq 3 XAh. Xs 7 o. MKHSL o. Bm. MQj. Rw. IBw&url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fquas argroupconsulting. com%2 FLife. Taxonomy% 2 FKingdom. Animalia%2 FArthropoda%2 FCla ss_Chilopoda%2 FClass_Chilopoda. php&psi g=AOv. Vaw 1 k. VRqr 0 J 40 HVNeu. SFf. VFKx&ust =1510172933201586

CHILOPODA REPRODUCTION CONT. • Mothers can lay multiple eggs or one at a time. (species dependent) • Lays eggs in soil or hollow rotten logs. • Mother stays or abandons eggs. (species dependent) • Stays for protection and to clean the eggs • Fungi tend to grow and feed on the eggs • Mold will grow on the eggs Centipede holding its eggs https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images &cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwi. Vsu. L 3 pq 3 XAh. Vj 2 IMKHUEu BB 0 Qj. Rw. IBw&url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fchsanimal. wikifoundry. com%2 F page%2 FClass%2 BChilopoda%2 B%2528 e. g. %2 BCentipede%2529 %2 Bby%2 BMarion%2 BS. &psig=AOv. Vaw 1 k. VRqr 0 J 40 HVNeu. SFf. VF

CHILOPODA LIFE CYCLE • Majority of Centipedes do not hatch with all of their legs • Gain their legs when the molt • Molt multiple times to reach adulthood • Gain legs when they molt • Grow new legs before new exoskeleton hardens • Instar stages – different stages while they are molting https: //www. google. com/imgres? imgurl=https%3 A%2 F%2 Fupload. wikimedia. org%2 Fwikipedia%2 Fcommons%2 Fa%2 F a 1%2 FStrigeria_Centipede_guarding_eggs. jpg&imgrefurl=https%3 A%2 F%2 Fen. wikipedia. org%2 Fwiki%2 FCentipede&d ocid=YWiq 4 x. GS 4 z. A 4 KM&tbnid=r. HBFKGXPNS 24 u. M%3 A&vet=10 ah. UKEwi. Ou 4 Wrp 63 XAh. Vk_4 MKHa. NOA_o. QMwh. DK AUw. BQ. . i&w=2475&h=1637&bih=900&biw=1920&q=chilopoda%20 hatching&ved=0 ah. UKEwi. Ou 4 Wrp 63 XAh. Vk_4 MKHa

DIPLOPODA REPRODUCTION • Usually direct deposit of sperm into the females • May or may not have a courtship dance • Ex. Bristly Millipede are like Chilopoda • Spermatophore on a web • Ex. Pill Millipede • Uses legs to carry sperm to the female reproductive organs Both pictures show courtship dance in millipedes https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images& cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwiq 8 v 7 op 63 XAh. UI 7 IMKHXoi. A_k Qj. Rw. IBw&url=https%3 A%2 F%2 Fwww. treknature. com%2 Fgallery%2 FAsia%2 FIndia%2 Fphoto 259980. htm&psig=AOv. Vaw 0 CI 8 Id. PHeg. Eec 7 Vi. WLJ_O 6&ust=1510173176176526 https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images &cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwj. Tsvr. Sp 63 XAh. Xk 64 MKHUPi BKQQj. Rw. IBw&url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fmagickcanoe. com%2 Fmilliped e%2 Fnarceusmillipede 2. html&psig=AOv. Vaw 0 CI 8 Id. PHeg. Eec 7 Vi. WLJ_O 6&ust=15

DIPLOPODA REPRODUCTION CONT. • Lays eggs in soil • Female, and occasionally the males guard the eggs Millipedes guarding there eggs https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s& source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKE wj. H 09 enq. K 3 XAh. Vs 5 o. MKHew. RCPk. Qj. Rw. IBw&url=htt p%3 A%2 F%2 Fcentralexterminating. com%2 Fpests% 2 Fotherbugs%2 Fmillipede%2 F&psig=AOv. Vaw 1 XSRw. OQfvk enh 7 x. SOlgh 1 j&ust=1510173300688556 https: //www. google. com/imgres? imgurl=https%3 A%2 F%2 Fbugguide. net%2 Fimage s%2 Fcache%2 FIZT%2 FL 0 Z%2 FIZTL 0 ZDL 3 L 0 HQRCZKRTZ 7 R 0 HERKHXZSHQZS HIZDLIZSHXRNLMRFZ 6 RLH 6 RHH 2 R 0 HSZQHQZVLMZNLKR 9 LIREL 7 REL 0 R. jpg &imgrefurl=https%3 A%2 F%2 Fbugguide. net%2 Fnode%2 Fview%2 F 397023%2 Fbgp age&docid=TBLs-Oj. HEzla. FM&tbnid=f 0 bk 3 Hp. Vzuy. CM%3 A&vet=10 ah. UKEwiu 4 p. SKq. K 3 XAh. XG 1 IMKHUt. BARs. QMwh 5 KAAw. AA. . i&w=560&h=534&bih=900&biw=1920&q=diplopoda%20 eggs&ved=0 ah. UKEwiu 4 p. S Kq. K 3 XAh. XG 1 IMKHUt. BARs. QMwh 5 KAAw. AA&iact=mrc&uact=8

DIPOLOPODA LIFE CYCLE • Do not hatch with all of their legs or body segments • Gain missing segments and legs by molting • Reach adulthood after final molt • Some still molt in adult hood • Alternate between reproductive and non-reproductive stages • Periodomorphosis – Reproductive organs regress during nonreproductive stage Life cycle of millipedes https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad =rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwj. Yh. Oihra 3 XAh. Xjz 4 MKHR 58 Dz 0 Qj. Rw. IBw&url=htt ps%3 A%2 F%2 Fwww. pinterest. co. uk%2 Fpin%2 F 45247171232929264%2 F&p sig=AOv. Vaw 1 u. O 4 Lgm. Wld 47 izl. IN-Jbi 3&ust=1510174688852900

PAUROPODA REPRODUCTION • Sexual reproduction • Few species reproduce by parthenogenesis • Larvae develop from unfertilized eggs • Males leave spermatophores for females to find https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc= s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 a h. UKEwjeyaztrq 3 XAh. Vm 94 MKHf. TWDo 0 Qj. Rw. IBw &url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fitp. lucidcentral. org%2 Fid %2 Fmites%2 Finvasive_mite%2 FInvasive_Mite_I dentification%2 Fkey%2 FIs_it_a_mite%2 FMedia %2 FHtml%2 FPauro. M. htm&psig=AOv. Vaw 2 z. BXN Si. HBWdmfz 8 Jd. A 5 zxx&ust=1510175090349781

PAUROPODA LIFE CYCLE • Some species will hatch without all of their legs • Gain them through molting • Molt until they become adults • Go through a short pupa like stage before hatching https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s& source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UK Ewi. Apta 3 r 63 XAh. VB 54 MKHYfa. CYQj. Rw. IBw&url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fenfo. agt. bme. hu% 2 Fdrupal%2 Fen%2 Fnode%2 F 10901&psig=AOv. Va w 1 o. H 7 X 6 bsk. Dm. P 9 fv. Vt. Xs. Y 57&ust=1510175235217 145

SYMPHYLA REPRODUCTION • Sexual reproduction • Males release spermatophores on the ground for females to find • Females will pick up spermatophore with their mouth • Little information on the courtship rituals • Females can lay up to twenty-five eggs in a mass https: //www. google. com/url? sa=i &rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imag es&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0 ah. UKEwil 0 onsr 63 XAh. Xl 6 o. MKH Qgq. DO 0 Qj. Rw. IBw&url=https%3 A %2 F%2 Fen. wikipedia. org%2 Fwi ki%2 FSymphyla&psig=AOv. Vaw 2 ks. B 8 is. Ti 1 Pi 9 Qv. Mwp_3 r&ust=1510175348886153 Instar stages of Symphyla

SYMPHYLA LIFE CYLE • Do not hatch with all their legs • Hatch with six pairs of legs • Gain after molting • After sixth molt they will be mature adults Shows when symphylan are most active http: //mint. ippc. orst. edu/symphcycle. htm

SOURCES • (n. d. ). Retrieved November 07, 2017, from http: //comenius. susqu. edu/biol/202/animals/protostomes/ecdysozoa/myriopoda/myriapoda-synoptic-description. html • (n. d. ). Retrieved November 07, 2017, from http: //mint. ippc. orst. edu/symphcycle. htm • Blower, J. Gordon (1985). Millipedes: Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species. London: Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E. J. Brill. ISBN 90 -0407698 -0. • Centipede Eggs - Facts about Centipede Eggs. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 07, 2017, from https: //www. orkin. com/other/centipedes/centipede-eggs • Life Cycle of a Centipede. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 07, 2017, from https: //sciencing. com/life-cycle-centipede 6553398. html • E. , Guy, R. , E. , Ismail, Y. , E. , . . . E. (n. d. ). Millipedes: Diplopoda - Behavior And Reproduction. Retrieved November 07, 2017, from http: //animals. jrank. org/pages/2550/Millipedes-Diplopoda-BEHAVIORREPRODUCTION. html • Symphylans: Symphyla. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 07, 2017, from http: //www. encyclopedia. com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/symphylans-symphyla • "Subclass Pauropoda". what-when-how. com. Retrieved 2017 -011 -07.