Reporting Category 4 Regional Interactions Japan Mountainous Archipelago

Reporting Category 4 Regional Interactions

Japan �Mountainous Archipelago (chain of islands) �Four Main Islands �Close to China and Korea �Sea of Japan or the East Sea is between Japan and the Asian Mainland

Chinese Influence on Japan �Writing �Architecture �Buddhism

Shinto �Ethnic religion unique to Japan �Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors �State religion; worship of the emperor �Coexistence with Buddhism

African Kingdoms �Axum (Aksum) �Eastern Africa �Location near the Red Sea and the Nile River �Located in modern day Ethiopia �Only early African Kingdom that practiced Christianity

West African Kingdoms �Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were all located near the Niger River and Sahara Desert �Traded Gold and Salt along the Trans-Saharan trade routes �Timbuktu was center of learning �Islamic

Zimbabwe �Located between the Limpopo and the Zambezi Rivers �City of “Great Zimbabwe” was the capital of a prosperous empire

Mayan Civilization �Mexican & Central American Rain Forests �Chichen Itza – Major City �City States ruled by Kings �Polytheistic: Pyramids �Economy: Agriculture & Tribute from conquered people

Aztec Civilization �Arid valley in central Mexico �Tenochtitlan – Major city �Ruled by an emperor �Polytheistic: Rituals, Pyramids �Economy: Agriculture, Tributes from conquered peoples

Meso-American Achievements �Calendars �Math �Writing and other record-keeping systems QUIPO

Rise of Nation States - England �William the Conqueror �Norman Conquest (French) �Battle of Hastings �Common Law started under Henry II �Magna Carta �Signed by King John �Limited King’s power �Hundred Years’ War �England vs. France �Defined England as a Nation �Evolution of Parliament

Rise of Nation States - France �Hugh Capet �Established French throne in Paris �Expanded control over most of France �Hundred Years’ War �Helped define France as a nation �Joan of Arc �Message from God �Defeated English at Orleans �Unifying factor for French

Rise of Nation States - Spain �Ferdinand & Isabella �“Reconquesta” �Unified Spain �Expelled the Moors and the Jews �Unified as a Catholic Nation �Charles V �Expanded the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere

Rise of Nation States - Russia �Ivan the Great �Refused to pay tribute to the Mongols �Centralized power in Moscow �Expanded the nation �Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar �The Orthodox Church influenced unification

Key events of the Crusdades �Pope Urban’s Speech �Call to arms �Promised Salvation �Capture of Jerusalem �Founding of Crusader States �Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin �Sack of Constantinople by Western Crusaders

Effects of the Crusades �Weakened the power of the Pope & Nobles �Strengthened the Monarch �Stimulated trade w/ the Middle East � Demand for new goods � Trade through Middle East and Mediterranean Sea �Legacy of bitterness between Jews, Christians, and Muslims �Weakened Byzantine Empire

The Mongols �Invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest �Destroyed cities and countrysides �Created an Empire

Constantinople �Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 �This ended the Byzantine Empire �Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire �Changed the name to Istanbul

Impact of the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) �Population Decline �Reduction in Labor Force �Towns freed from Feudal Obligations �Decline in Church Influence �Disruption of Trade

Renaissance in Italy �Medieval Art & Literature focused on the Church & Salvation �Renaissance Art & Literature focused on individuals and secular (worldly) matters, along with Christianity �Wealth of independent Italian City States through trade �Increase in Banking and Credit

Art & Literature in Italy �Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa � The Last Supper � �Michaelangelo David � Ceiling of the Sisten Chapel � �Petrarch � Sonnets, humanist scholarship

Humanism �Celebrated the Individual �Stimulated the study of classical Greek and Roman Literature and Culture (Greco-Roman) �Supported by wealthy Patrons

The Northern Renaissance �Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas �Merged Humanist Ideals w/ Christianity �Moveable type printing press, productino and Sales of Books spread ideas and literacy �Johan Gutenberg �Gutenberg Bible

Northern Renaissance Writers �Erasmus � The Praise of Folly (1511) �Sir Thomas More � Utopia (1516) �Northern Renaissance artists portrayed both religious and secular (worldly) subjects