Repaso final 1 PRESENT TENSE REGULAR AND IRREGULAR

Repaso final 1 -PRESENT TENSE : REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS 2 -PRETERIT TENSE: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS 3 -IMPERFECT TENSE: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS 4 -FUTURE TENSE: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS 5 -PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 6 -REFLEXIVE VERBS 7 -COMMANDS: FAMILIAR AND POLITE 8 -DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES 9 -DOP AND IOP 10 -GUSTAR, ENCANTAR, INTERESAR, ABURRIR 11 -SINGULAR/PLURAL 12 -DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES 13 -RULES OF ACCENTUATION 14 -VOCABULARY

In order to conjugate verbs in Spanish in the Present and the Past Tense (Imperfect and Preterite), we need to drop the infinitive ending (-AR, -ER or –IR) and we have to add the appropriate ending. To conjugate verbs in Spanish in the Future OR the conditional tense, we keep the entire infinitive (do NOT drop anything) and then add the appropriate ending.

1. THE PRESENT TENSE – REGULAR VERBS Pronombres personales -AR -ER -IR Yo -o -o -o Tu -as -es El/ Ella/ Usted -a -e -e Nosotros -amos emos -imos Vosotros -ais -eis -ís Ellos/ Ellas/ Ustedes -an -en

1. Present Tense – Irregular verbs: Stem-Changing Verbs Pronombres personales E→I (Pedir)- to ask Yo Tu El / Ella / Usted Nosotros Vosotros Ellos / Ustedes E → IE (pensar) – to think O → UE (volar) – to fly U → UE (jugar)-to play

1. Present Tense – Irregular verbs: Stem-Changing Verbs Pronombres personales E→I E → IE O → UE U → UE (Pedir)- to ask (pensar) – to think (volar) – to fly (jugar)-to play Yo pido pienso vuelo juego Tu pides piensas vuelas juegas El / Ella / Usted pide piensa vuela juega Nosotros pedimos pensamos volamos jugamos Vosotros pedís pensáis voláis jugáis Ellos / Ustedes piden piensan vuelan juegan

1. SER and ESTAR (to be) – PRESENT TENSE Spanish has two verbs meaning to be: ser (permanent) and estar (temporary). Pronombres personales To be Ser Estar Yo I am Yo soy Yo estoy Tú You are Tu eres Tu estás El/Ella/Usted He is / She is El / Ella está Nosotros We are Nosotros somos Nosotros estamos Vosotros You all are Vosotros sois Vosotros estáis Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes They are Ellos son Ellos están

SER-We use ser to talk about permanent things (description, profession, point of origin or material) the car is red I am a teacher we are from United States the table is made of wood SER-We use ser to talk about possession and where an event takes place. The car is of the rich man The concert is in the club ESTAR -We use estar to talk about temporary things (health, changing mood, personal opinion) I am tired The meal is bad ESTAR -We use estar to describe where something or someone is physically located. They are here Madrid is in Spain

1. TENER (to have)– PRESENTE TENSE Pronombres personales TENER TO HAVE Yo tengo I have Tu tienes You have El / Ella /Usted tiene He / She has Nosotros tenemos We have Vosotros tenéis You (all) have Ellos / Ustedes tienen They have

2. THE PRETERITE (PAST TENSE): REGULAR VERBS Pronombres personales -AR -ER -IR Yo -é -í -í Tu -aste -iste El/Ella/Usted -ó -ió Nosotros -amos -imos Vosotros -ásteis -ísteis -ieron Ellos/ Ellas/ Ustedes -aron

2. IRREGULAR VERBS ON THE PRETERITE TENSE (Past Tense) Infinitives CABER (to fit) DECIR (to say) ESTAR (to be – temporary) ANDAR (to walk) HACER (to do/to make) Stems cupdijestuvanduvhic- / QUERER (to want/ to love) PODER (to be able to) PONER (to put) SABER (to know) TENER (to have) TRAER (to bring) VENIR (to come) TRAER (to bring) CONDUCIR (to drive) PRODUCIR (to produce) TRADUCIR (to translate) DETENER (to stop) DISTRAER (to distract) REDUCIR (to reduce) SEDUCIR (to seduce) quispudpussuptuvtrajvintrajcondujprodujtradujdetuvdistrajredujseduj- Endings hiz- (Él/Ella/Usted) + -e -iste -o -imos -isteis -ieron

3. IMPERFECT TENSE – REGULAR VERBS (Past Tense) Subject pronoun Habl-ar (to speak) Com-er (to eat) Viv-ir (to live) Yo Habl-aba Com-ía Viv-ía Tu Habl-abas Com-ías Viv-ías El/Ella/Usted Habl-aba Com-ía Viv-ía Nosotros Habl-ábamos Com-íamos Viv-íamos Vosotros Habl-ábais Com-íais Viv-íais Ellos/Ustedes Habl-aban Com-ían Viv-ían

3. THE IMPERFECT TENSE – IRREGULAR VERBS Pronombres personales Ir (to go) Ser (to be-permanent) Ver (to see) yo iba era veía tú ibas eras veías Él/ella/usted iba era veía nosotros ibamos éramos veíamos vosotros ibais erais veíais Ellos/ustedes iban eran veían

4. THE FUTURE AND THE CONDITIONAL TENSE (keep the infinitive+ending) Pronombres personales The Future (Regulares) The Conditional (Regulares) Yo -é -ía Tu -ás -ías El/Ella/Usted -á -ía Nosotros -emos -íamos Vosotros -éis -íais Ellos/Ustedes -án -ían

4. IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE FUTURE/CONDITIONAL Infinitives in Spanish Stems Translation Caber Cabr- To fit Decir Dir- To say Haber Habr- There will be Hacer Har- To do / to make Poder Podr- Can / to be able to Poner Pondr- to put Querer Querr- To want / to love Saber Sabr- To know Salir Saldr- To leave Tener Tendr- To have Valer Valdr- To cost Venir Vendr- To come

-They translated a lot of sentences in class -I eat potatoes every day. -I did my homework yesterday. -I didn’t bring my folder today. -We will have a new house next year. -You (singular) have three friends. -You opened the window two days ago. -The school will be better next year. -Lebron will lose the NBA Finals. -He closes the door. -I used to read a lot when I was eight. -My mom will know the answer. -They will want a dog.

5. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Regular verbs Like usual, drop the ending (-AR, -ER, -IR), and: -AR verbs: add the ending –ANDO. -ER/-IR: add the ending –IENDO. Irregular verbs Caer (to fall) – cayendo Leer (to read) - leyendo Morir (to die) - muriendo Dormir (to sleep) - durmiendo Destruir (to destroy) - destruyendo Sentir (to feel) - sintiendo Creer (to believe) - creyendo Ir (to go) - yendo Oir (to hear) - oyendo Traer (to bring) - trayendo Pedir (to ask for) -pidiendo Seguir (to follow) -siguiendo Decir (to say) - diciendo Venir (to come) - viniendo Repetir (to repeat) - repitiendo Servir (to serve) - sirviendo

6. REFLEXIVE VERBS Reflexive verbs: A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are he same. The infinitive ALWAYS ends in “se”. For example: peinarse. To conjugate reflexive verbs we need something called reflexive pronouns. Yo me Tu te El/Ella/ Usted se Nosotros nos Vosotros os Ellos/Ustedes se

7. COMMANDS: POLITE COMMANDS Polite commands – Regular verbs Polite commands are often used when addressing a person you don't know well, a person older than you, or a person to whom you want to show deference or respect (like a boss or teacher). Polite commands are formed from the first person singular by dropping the final –o and adding the following endings: →AR verbs: add –e for the singular, and –en for the plural. →ER/IR verbs: add –a for the singular and –an for the plural. Polite commands – Irregular verbs Infinitive Present Tense Singular Dar yo doy dé* Estar yo estoy esté Ir yo voy vaya Ser yo soy sea Plural Translation den to give estén to be vayan to go sean to be

7. COMMANDS: FAMILIAR COMMANDS Familiar commands – regular verbs Familiar commands are the singular form of informal commands. You can use affirmative tú commands to tell a friend, family member the same age as you or younger, classmate, child, or pet to do something. Familiar commands are formed: →singular (tu): is the same as the 3 p. Singular form of the Present Tense. →plural (vosotros): is formed by simply replacing the final “r” of the infinitive with “d. ” Familiar commands – Irregular verbs Infinitive Singular Plural Translation Decir di decid to say Hacer haz haced to do/to make Ir ve id to go Salir salid to leave Ser se sed to be Tener tened to have Venir venid to come

8. DEMOSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES Masculine Plural Feminine Plural Translation estos estas these esos esas those aquellos aquellas those Masculine singular Feminine singular Translation este esta this ese esa that aquella that

9. DOP (DIRECT OBJECT) AND IOP (INDIRECT OBJECT) Direct Object Pronoun (DOP) The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object. The direct object answers the question “what? ” or “whom? ” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing. When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns (DOP): me (me) te (you-familiar) lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal) nos (us) os (you-all-familiar) los, las (them, you-all-formal) Differences: -“It” has two forms in Spanish: lo, la -The word order is different. In Spanish, the pronoun (lo, la) comes before the verb; in English, the pronoun (it) comes after the verb.

9. DOP (DIRECT OBJECT) AND IOP (INDIRECT OBJECT) Indirect Object Pronoun (IOP) The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going. The indirect object answers the question “To whom? ” or “For whom? ” the action of the verb is performed. me (me) te (you-familiar) le (him, her, you-formal) nos (us) os (you-all-familiar) les (them, you-all-formal) REMEMBER!! 1. When we are using commands, the DOP and the IOP go after the verb, all together in one word. 2. When we are not using commands, the DOP AND the IOP goes before the verb, separated from the verb. 3. The IOP always goes BEFORE the DOP.

10. GUSTAR, ENCANTAR, INTERESAR, ABURRIR In order to conjugate some verbs like gustar, aburrir, interesar and encantar, we need something called Indirect Object Pronoun, instead of the usual Subject Pronoun. 1 st person singular (yo)– me 2 nd person singular (tu)– te 3 rd person singular (el/ella/usted)– le 1 st person plural (nosotros) – nos 2 nd person plural (vosotros)- os 3 rd person plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) – les gusta (singular) or gustan (plural) …

11. SINGULAR AND PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL EXAMPLES -a, -e, -I, -o, -u +s casa→ casas coche→coches -consonant +es profesor→profesores ciudad→ciudades -s (words with one syllables) +es mes→meses -ás, -és, -ís, -ós, -ús +es país→países -as, -es, -is, -os, -us Without change (el) lunes→(los) lunes -z→ -ces : actriz → actrices

12. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES SINGULAR PLURAL Masculine Feminine -o un coche pequeño -a una casa pequeña -os unos chicos altos -as unas chicas altas -e un chico inteligente -e una chica inteligente -es unos pantalones verdes -es unas flores verdes -consonant un chico joven -consonant una chica joven +es unos calcetines azules +es unas mesqs marrones -or un chico encantador +a una chica encantadora +es unos chicos encantadores +as una chicas encantadoras *Masculine noun + feminine noun = plural masculine noun

13. RULES OF ACCENTUATION The vowels i and u are called weak vowels, so when they are followed by another vowel, they need to go together in the same syllable. Canción – song Can – ción (2 syllables) Ruido - noise Rui – do (2) When you start counting syllables from the right: A– 1 L-2 E-3 S-4 -Agudas: Accent mark is written when the last letter is a vowel, n or s: francés, canción. -Llanas: Accent mark is written when the last letter is NOT a vowel, n or s: álbum, cárcel, mártir, césped, azúcar, árbol. -Esdrújulas: the always have an accent mark on the stressed syllable. -Sobresdrújulas: they always have an accent mark on the stressed syllable.

14. VOCABULARY: COMMON ADJECTIVES feliz/contento - happy triste - sad grande-big pequeño-small bonito/lindo feo-ugly alto-tall bajo-short simple -simple complicado -complicated divertido -fun aburrido -bored rico-rich pobre -poor delicioso/rico -delish repugnante-disgusting loco -crazy tranquilo -quiet fuerte-strong débil-week limpio -clean inteligente – intelligent / smart tonto – dumb/silly útil-useful inútil-useless nuevo-new viejo-old abierto-open cerrado-close cansado-tired despierto-awake dormido-asleep caliente-hot frio-cold caro-expensive barato-cheap rápido-fast lento-slow enfermo-sick sano-healthy justo-fair injusto-unfair

14. VOCABULARY: THE FAMILY/ HOUSE The family el padre – the father el hermano – the brother la madre – the mother la hermana – the sister el hijo-the son la hija – the daughter el abuelo – the grandfather la abuela-the grandmother el primo (M)/la prima (F) – the cousin el tio – the uncle la tia- the aunt The house la cocina – the kitchen la puerta-the door el salón – the living room el piso-the apartment la habitación-the room la casa-the house el pasillo – the hallway la ventana-the window el baño – the restroom la mesa-the table

14. VOCABULARY: NUMBERS Numeros 1 – uno 11 - once 30 - treinta 2 – dos 12 - doce 40 - cuarenta 3 – tres 13 - trece 50 - cincuenta 4 – cuatro 14 - catorce 60 - sesenta 5 – cinco 15 – quince 70 - setenta 6 – seis 16 - dieciséis 80 - ochenta 7 – siete 17 - diecisiete 90 - noventa 8 – ocho 18 - dieciocho 100 - cien 9 – nueve 19 - diecinueve 1000 - mil 10 - diez 20 - veinte

14. VOCABULARY: NUMBERS Colores Rojo – red Amarillo – yellow Verde – Green Azul – blue Negro – black Naranja – orange Blanco – White Morado – purple Marron – Brown Rosa – pink

14. VOCABULARY: DAYS OF THE WEEK/MONTHS Dias de la semana Meses del mes Lunes – Monday Enero - January Martes – Tuesday Febrero - February Miércoles – Wednesday Marzo - March Jueves – Thursday Abril - April Viernes – Friday Mayo - May Sábado –Saturday Junio - June Domingo – Sunday Julio - July Agosto - August Septiembre - September Octubre - October Noviembre – November Diciembre - December Las horas Y cuarto – fifteen 7: 00 – Las siete en punto Y media – thirty 7: 15 – Las siete y cuarto. Menos cuarto – forty five 7: 30 – Las siete y media. En punto – o’clock 7: 45 – Las ocho menos cuarto.

The following slides will NOT be part of the final, but it is material we have seen during the year.

Question words in Spanish English Spanish Why Por qué When Cuándo Where Dónde Who Quién What Qué Which Cuál How Cómo *How much / How many: Cuánto – masculine singular Cuánta – feminine singular Cuántos-masculine plural Cuántas-feminine plural

PRESENT TENSE OF IRREGULAR VERBS – PART I (-GO) *The following verbs end in –go in the first person singular Pronombres personales Hacer (to do/to make) Poner (to put) Salir (to leave) Yo hago pongo salgo Tú haces pones sales El/Ella/Usted hace pone sale Nosotros hacemos ponemos salimos Vosotros hacéis ponéis salís Ellos/Ellas/ Ustedes hacen ponen salen

The following verbs, which also end in –go in the first person singular, have additional irregularities: Pronombres personales Caer (to fall) Decir (to say) Oir (to hear) Traer (to bring) Venir (to come) Yo caigo digo oigo traigo vengo Tú caes dices oyes traes vienes El/Ella/Usted cae dice oye trae viene Nosotros caemos decimos oímos traemos venimos Vosotros caéis decís oís traéis venís Ellos/Ellas/ Ustedes caen dicen oyen traen vienen

PRESENT TENSE OF IRREGULAR VERBS – PART II (-ZCO) Most verbs whose infinitives end in –cer or –cir have the ending –zco in the first person singular. This change occurs only if a vowel precedes the c. Pronombres personales Ofrecer (to offer) Traducir (to translate) Yo ofrezco traduzco Tú ofreces traduces El/Ella/Usted ofrece traduce Nosotros ofrecemos traducimos Vosotros ofreceis traducis Ellos/Ellas/ Ustedes ofrecen traducen Other verbs that follow this rule: Aparecer (to appear) Conocer (to know) Desaparecer (to disappear) Obedecer (to obey) Parecer (to seem) Reconocer (to recognize) Conducir (to drive) Producir (to produce)

PRESENT TENSE OF IRREGULAR VERBS – PART III: DAR, IR, SABER, VER Pronombres personales Dar (to give) Ir (to go) Saber (to know) Ver (to see) Yo doy voy sé veo Tú das vas sabes ves El/Ella/Usted da va sabe ve Nosotros damos vamos sabemos vemos Vosotros dais vais sabéis veis Ellos/Ellas/ Ustedes dan van saben ven