RENAISSANCE REFORMATION Italian CityStates Renaissance means Rebirth Italy

RENAISSANCE & REFORMATION

Italian City-States Renaissance means “Rebirth” Italy was the center of the Roman Empire Wealthy merchant class, who played a role in politics Medici family Wealthy banking family that were patrons to the arts Controlled Florence

What Was The Renaissance Time of creativity & change People wanted a rebirth after the medieval ages Humanism was at the heart of the ren. Education focused more on poetry, history, grammar & rhetoric Francesco Petrarch built a library of Greek & Roman manuscripts

Golden Age in the Arts Humanists art portrays religious figures & well known people Perspective technique Women had a hard time becoming artists Architecture changed from gothic to more Roman styles

Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art Leonardo da Vinci Inventor, painter Dissected human corpses & sketched it Michelangelo Painter Painted the Sistine Chapel Raphael Painter School of Athens

Italian Renaissance Writers Baldassare Castiglione Writes the How To book, Book of the Courtier Describes how to become a well-mannered, educated aristocrat Niccolo Machiavelli Writes The Prince Urged rulers to use any means necessary to achieve power

Artists of the Northern Renaissance Albrecht Durer German Leonardo, brought ren. To Germany Engraver

Northern Humanists Desiderius Erasmus Dutch Priest Had the Bible translated into Greek& vernacular Thomas More Pressed social reform Writes Utopia & describes a perfect society

Writers for a New Audience William Shakespeare English Poet & Playwright Romeo & Juliet Miguel de Cervantes Spain Don Quixote

Printing Revolution Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press Bible is mass produced

Abuses In The Church Popes tried to rule everything Fought for power against Nobles & Monarchs Lavish Lifestyles Sold indulgences to fund the church Promised it would lessen the time spent in purgatory

Luther’s Protest 1517 people are fed up with church corruption Led by Martin Luther a German monk & professor of theology Johann Tetzel selling indulgences in Wittenberg to rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome Claimed contributions would ensure salvation for you & your dead relatives Luther nails 95 theses to the doors of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church

Luther vs. the Church Luther’s arguments Only be saved by faith Pope has no control over the afterlife Indulgences are not in the Bible Church needs to be reformed Catholic Church demands Luther recants or be excommunicated Luther refuses & is excommunicated

Luther vs. the Church Luther is summoned by Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V Asked to recant, refuses & is declared an outlaw All writing are illegal Aiding Luther is illegal Hid in a castle in Wartburg for a year Becomes a hero in Germany

Luther’s Teachings Good deeds do not get you into heaven, faith alone Bible is the sole source of religious truth not the clergy Clergy does not have “special powers” everyone has access to God Translates Bible to German Rejected the sacraments of indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, & prayers to saints Clergy can marry, mass focuses on sermon Lutheran Church

Spread of Lutheran Ideas Printing press help to spread Luther’s ideas Protestant, “protest” papal authority Many saw Luther’s ideas as a way to fix Church corruption Some saw it as a way overthrow the Church & the Holy Roman Empire National Loyalty in Germany

The Peasants’ Revolt Peasants support Luther’s ideas in hope of his support for social & economic change 1524 Peasants’ Revolt sweeps across Germany Demanded end of serfdom Luther denounces it & helps the nobles to suppress the rebellion Tens of thousands killed

Peace of Augsburg 1555 Treaty between Charles V & Lutheran princes Allowed each prince to decide the religion of the land that they owned

John Calvin Works with Ulrich Zwingli towards reforming the church Born in France a priest & lawyer Same ideas as Luther Predestination Calvin runs a theocracy in Geneva Built a model community

Zwingli & Calvin

Calvinism Spreads Reformers from Europe visited Geneva & were impressed Dutch Reformed Church organized Scottish Protestants overthrow their Catholic Queen

The English Reformation Henry VIII went to the Pope to seek an annulment Catherine of Aragon had not provided Henry VIII w/ an heir to the throne Henry VIII went to the Pope for to annul his marriage & was denied The Pope did want to offend Charles V Catherine’s cousin

The English Reformation Henry was furious Henry took control of the Church of England & the Pope lost all power in England Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England” Any Catholic who refused to accept the Act were executed

The English Reformation Henry gained many lands & money from corrupt convents & monasteries Henry would die & his 10 year old son Edward VI became king Edward’s advisors passed many Protestant laws Edward died in his teens & Mary Tudor became queen She wanted England to be Catholic & burned Protestants at the stake

The English Reformation Queen Elizabeth comes to power Elizabethan settlement passes several compromises between Catholics & Protestants Church services kept Catholic traditions Monarchy is still head of church Accepted Protestant Doctrine

Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the Catholic Church Wanted to end church corruption Council of Trent Salvation comes through good works & faith Bible not the only source of truth Est. schools Fined corrupt clergy

Catholic Reformation Inquisition Used secret testimony, torture, execution to stop heresy Banned books

Widespread Persecution Catholics & Protestants fought constantly Witch Hunts would accuse people of being agents of the devil & would be burned at the stake Jews were pushed out of many placed & migrated towards Poland

Changes in Views of the Universe Nicolaus Copernicus proposes his heliocentric theory Many reject it & Copernicus is shunned Tycho Brahe & Johanes Kepler helped prove the heliocentric theory Galileo builds a telescope & discovers the planets in orbit The Catholic Church forces him to rebuke his finding for fear of death

New Scientific Method is created Scientists must now confirm their findings No one can make a claim w/out proof

Isaac Newton discovers gravity Newton’s Laws of Motion Also developed calculus

Scientific Advances Chemistry started to break away from alchemy Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements & chemical compounds Also explained the effect temperature had on pressure & gas

Scientific Advances Andreas Vesalius published the 1 st detailed book on human anatomy Ambroise Pare develops a disinfectant & stitches Anthony van Leeuwenhoek invents the 1 st microscope