Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Anybody can make

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 “Anybody can make history. Only a great man can write it. ” - Oscar Wilde On average, a Tupperware party is held somewhere in the world about every two seconds.

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Italian Renaissance Main Idea In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance.

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Beginning of the Renaissance Changes in Society The Rise of City-States • 1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe • Urban areas specialized, particularly in Italy • Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300 s • Italy divided into several large citystates in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south • Decrease in population led to: • Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in citystates – Increase in food production – Decline in food prices – More money to spend – Specialization in products • Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Venice Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Milan

Renaissance and Reformation Milan Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Florence

Renaissance and Reformation Florence Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Florence

Renaissance and Reformation Florence Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Question: How did society and cities change in the 1300 s? Answer(s): Specialization in agriculture increased, resulting in more trade; urban areas became centers of commerce; merchants and artisans became important; some cities became displays of wealth.

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance Ideas As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth. ” Inspiration from the New World of Ideas Different Viewpoints Ancients • Italians who could read • As they read, began • Venetian ships carried looked for more to think about information goods for trade and philosophy, art, Greek scholars science in different seeking refuge ways • Read Arabic translations of original texts • Scholars brought ancient works thought • Searched libraries, found lost texts to be lost • Began to believe in human capacity to create, achieve

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Humanism Humanities • Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture • Characteristics of good education • Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek Roots • Roots traced to work of Dante; work contained glimpses of what would become focus on human nature • Historians believe Renaissance began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch • Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired • Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin known as humanism • Advances were made in medicine, • Humanists emphasized individual as well as astronomy accomplishment

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Dante, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Francesco Petrarch

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 A Portrait of Savonarola By Fra Bartolomeo, 1498. Dominican friar who decried money and power. Anti-humanist he saw humanism as too secular, hedonistic, and corrupting. The “Bonfire of the Vanities, ” 1497. / Burned books, artwork, jewelry, and other luxury goods in public. / Even Botticelli put some of his paintings on the fire!!

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Execution of Savonarola, 1452

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Secular Writers • Early 1500 s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious • Church no longer served as source of stability, peace • Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was secular, was worldly rather than spiritual Service • Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities. Renaissance Man • Ideal Renaissance man came to be “universal man, ” accomplished in classics, but also man of action, who could respond to all situations.

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Examples of Renaissance Men How to Act • Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, The Courtier • Described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should act • Book includes fictional conversation between duke, guests Castiglione’s Advice • Castiglione gave nobles new rules for refined behavior in humanist society • Speak of serious, as well of amusing subjects; know Latin, Greek • Be well-acquainted with poetry, history; be able to write prose, poetry How to Rule • Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book • Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince

Renaissance and Reformation Baldassare Castiglione Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Niccolò Machiavelli Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states • Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” • Advises rulers to separate morals from politics – Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism – Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power, even if cruel • Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior • Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Science of the Renaissance Scientific Information Natural World • Humanists searched archives, Arab translations for classical texts • Focus of Renaissance on human sciences, history, politics, geography • Discovered wealth of scientific information • New ideas about natural world began to be explored also Scientific Challenges Earth, Sun • Science soon became important avenue of inquiry • Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe • Church’s teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe • Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun

Renaissance and Reformation Nicholas Copernicus Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Galileo Galilei Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Question: What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance? Answer(s): inspiration from the ancient Greeks and Romans; humanism; secular focus; new theories in science

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance Art The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature Patrons of the Arts • Medieval times, anonymous artists who worked for church created art • Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price • Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church Competition Among Patrons • Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks • Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists • Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible.

Renaissance and Reformation Medici and Sforza Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Lorenzo the Magnificent 1478 - 1521 Section 1 Cosimo de Medici 1517 - 1574

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Styles and Techniques Artists Methods • Studied perspective, represented threedimensional objects • Experimented with using color to portray shapes, textures Classical Influence • Religious paintings focused on personality • Humanist interest in classical learning, human nature • Building design reflected humanist reverence for • Subject matter changed; Greek, Roman culture artists began to paint, sculpt scenes from Greek, Roman • Classical architecture myths favored

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times.

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

Renaissance and Reformation Perspective Section 1

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture!

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Chiaroscuro Sfumato

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism free standing figures. The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1 c) Symmetry/Balance

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Liberation of Sculpture David by Donatello 1430 - First free-form bronze since Roman times

Renaissance and Reformation Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436 Architect Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation • Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. – Used unique architectural concepts. § He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome. § Used ribs for support. Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Brunelleschi’s Dome Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Comparing Domes

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Other Famous Domes Il Duomo (Florence) St. Peter’s (Rome) St. Paul’s (London) US capital (Washington)

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Leonardo da Vinci • Highly talented in all fields, was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer • Wrote out ideas, filling 20, 000 pages of notes • Best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Michelangelo Sculpture, Painting • Studied anatomy • Marble statue of David • Age 24, won fame with Pietà, sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary holding son’s dead body • Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel, 1508 -12 • Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality • Scenes from Old Testament considered one of greatest achievements in art history

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation The Virgin of the Rocks Leonardo da Vinci 1483 -1486 Section 1

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Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 vertical The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 horizontal

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Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation 15 c What a difference a century makes! 16 c

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Other Artists Raphael • Raffaello Sanzio, became known as Raphael • Renowned painter, accomplished architect Bramante • Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato Bramante • Had already achieved fame when chosen architect of Rome • Most famous work, The School of Athens, fresco—painting made on • Design for St. Peter’s Basilica fresh, moist plaster influenced appearance of many smaller churches • Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Raphael’s Madonnas Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Raphael’s Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The School of Athens 1510 -1511

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo

Renaissance and Reformation Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm]. Section 1 Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now].

Renaissance and Reformation Averroes Hypatia Pythagoras Section 1

Section 1 Renaissance and Reformation Zoroaster Ptolemy Euclid

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 The Liberation of St. Peter by Raphael, 1514

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485 An attempt to depict perfect beauty.

Renaissance and Reformation Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511 -1512 Section 1 Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio de. Medici and Luigi De Rossi by Raphael, 1518 -1519

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1

Renaissance and Reformation Section 1 Question: What was the ideal of Renaissance art? Answer(s): capturing human personality, realism, human form