Remote Sensing in Geology Highlights of Lesson 8

Remote Sensing in Geology

Highlights of Lesson 8 Image processing (image classification): Supervised Minimal distance to means Parallelepiped Maximal likelihood & Bayesian Unsupervised Hybrid

Lesson № 9

Geological applications • Scope of Geological applications: • Surveying Geology • Mineral exploration • Explorations in Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology • Other related environmental explorations (Land Use, Land Cover Vegetation…)

Surveying Geology • Criteria • Geomorphological • Tone & color • Vegetation • Derived criteria • Spectral manipulations (spectral stratigraphy)

Surveying Geology • Geomorphological • The relief is reflection of geological setting – different landforms imply different bedrock The object is the surface of the Earth and the phenomena upon it. Since the surface features, shapes, patterns &c. are governed by the internal and external factors, the present surface of the landscape is considered as a temporal function: F(processes, properties, time) Since it varies significantly even over small area it must be due to the properties i. e. to the geological setting share.

Surveying Geology • Geomorphological • Changes in morphological pattern within the same process Changes in drainage pattern density or shape, changes in steepness of the landforms • Landforms are separate units Quaternary sediments represented by different accumulation or erosion forms or recent volcanism

Surveying Geology • Different drainage patterns indicate different features (structural or lithological), also different level of development of those patterns reflects the texture properties of rocks (coarse vs. fine grained for example)

Surveying Geology • Drainage patterns • dendritic • rectangular & angulate • parallel • trellis • annular & radial • meandering • distributary • anastomotic • deranged • braided • barbed • linear

Surveying Geology • Tone & color • Color directly corresponds to the chemical (mineralogical) content of the unit, while tone expresses structural features (e. g. grain size) Content of felsic (pale) and mafic (dark) minerals is fair indication for the color expression. • Abrupt changes of tone (due to shadow effect) and color indicate structures

Surveying Geology • Vegetation types are reflection of the environmental conditions, hence geological bedrock as well. • Vegetation distribution delineates the structures with pronounced hydrological function (faults) especially if contrasting the surroundings.

Surveying Geology • Derived criteria • Feature extracted by specific or several criteria utilizes interpreter to involve it in further analysis. Bedding, derived after differences in resistivity and/or tone and vegetation alternation becomes typical criteria for a certain layered unit. Other structural elements as well (joints, faults, folds &c)

Surveying Geology • Structures: • Rupture elements • Plicative elements • Lithological units

Surveying Geology - Structures • Rupture elements • Beddings • Foliations • Faults • Joints • Circular & radial features

Surveying Geology - Structures • Rupture elements • Spatial and relative disposition (V-rule model) • Character

Surveying Geology - Structures • Plicative elements • Folds (synclines, anticlines) • Domes & bassins

Surveying Geology – Lithological units • Rock types • Sedimentary • Igneous • Metamorphic • Quaternary units

Surveying Geology – Lithological units • Sedimentary: Sandstones (humid & arid)

Surveying Geology – Lithological units • Sedimentary: Limestones (humid & arid)

Surveying Geology – Lithological units • Igneous: Intrusive (granitic)

Surveying Geology – Lithological units • Igneous: Volcanic

Surveying Geology – Lithological units • Metamorphic

Surveying Geology – Lithological units • Quaternary

Surveying Geology – Interpretation • Structure analysis • Lithological analysis