Reminders Turn in Vocab activities Vocab Quiz today

Reminders • Turn in Vocab activities • Vocab Quiz today! • Reading quiz Friday – Ch. 27. 3 &. 4 • Socks next Tuesday. • Test next Thursday

Mars NSSDC/NASA

Fast Facts • Mars is the 4 th planet. • It is sometimes called the red planet. • It makes one complete orbit around the sun every 686. 98 days. • It takes 24 hrs 40 min to spin once on its axis • It has 2 satellites (or moons) • It has a 25 degree tilt (Earth has a 23. 5 degree tilt) Picture Credit to International Astronomical Union

The Tilt of Mars • Mars is tilted like Earth. • It has seasons like Earth. • Mars is farther away, so its seasons are longer. 25° NSSDC/NASA

The Moons of Mars • Phobos (fear) – Gets 6 ft closer to Mars every 100 year. – Will eventually crash into Mars • Deimos (panic) • Neither are large enough for gravity to have made them spherical

History of Mars • Mars has been known from prehistoric times. • The 1 st maps of Mars were made in 1877 by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli. He saw dark lines that he thought were canals NSSDC/NASA

History of Mars • American businessman Percival Lowell assumed that the canals had been built by Martians • To try to prove this, he, – Built a observatory in Arizona – Figured out how to take photographs through a telescope – Use spectroscopy to show that water is present in the atmosphere on Mars • Modern telescopes & rovers have shown that there are no canals (nor Martians) on Mars. NSSDC/NASA

Martians • Schiaparelli’s claims led people to believe that Martians lived on Mars. • In 1938, on Halloween, Orson Welles dramatized the story The War of the Worlds on radio. • Unfortunately, many listeners didn’t hear the initial announcement that it was a story. • People panicked when they thought it was a news broadcast of Martians invading Earth

Mars Closest Approach to Earth

History of Mars • Earth orbits the sun faster than Mars, so Mars exhibits a retrograde “loop” in the sky • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=kbyn. Kf. Nf. Hk 4 NSSDC/NASA

Going to Mars vs. Moon • The Moon is 238, 900 mi from Earth • The diameter of the Earth is only 7917. 5 mi • The Apollo mission took 3 days to get to the moon. • How long would it take to get to Mars? – Minimum 7 months – We would have to wait even longer if we needed to send someone back.

Mars vs. Earth Orbit • Demonstration) • Mars is close to Earth only once every 2 years and 2 months

Comparing Planet Sizes http: //solarsystem. nasa. gov/multimedia/gallery/OSS 732 X 520. jpg

Another Perspective Mars is ½ the size of Earth & has 1/10 of its mass. NASA

Diameter & Mass: Earth vs. Mars • Demonstration

Diameter & Mass: Earth vs. Mars • Think about the mass of Mars compared to Earth. • How would this affect gravity on Mars? • How would this affect the movement of a human on Mars?

Missions To Mars • There have been many. • They began in 1960 … • … and continue today. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-n. Ahag_i. Fx 0

US Missions to Mars Have occurred in 3 stages Flybys Orbiters Landers/Rovers Mariner 3 & 4 Mariner 8 & 9 Mariner 5 & 6 Viking 1 & 2 Mars Observer Pathfinder Mars Global Surveyor Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 Mars Climate Orbiter 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers (Opportunity & Spirit) 2001 Mars Odyssey Phoenix Mars Express Mars Science Laboratory: Curiosity Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Missions Credit: NASA Present

Mars Exploration – not that easy! 1970 s • Mars 4 & 7 (Soviet) – missed the planet • Mars 5 (Soviet) – failed after a few days in orbit • Mars 6 (Soviet) – 224 seconds of data about atmosphere, then crashed on the surface

Mars Exploration – not that easy! 1990 s • Mars Observer (USA) – lost 3 days before it reached Mars (propulsion leak) • Mars 96 (Soviet) – fell back to Earth failed after a few days in orbit • Mars Climate Orbiter (US) – crashed – NASA failed to convert feet to meters when making their calculations

Spirit landing on Mars https: //nam 04. safelinks. protection. outlook. co m/? url=https%3 A%2 F%2 Fyoutu. be%2 F 6 t 3 I ARm. Id. OI& data=02%7 C 01%7 C%7 Cd 6 e 84550 c 1 f 04 f 16 e 4 b 108 d 74157 c 508%7 Ce 0 ea 099 fd 4 f 04 e 568 e 965 c 5 ad 6 eedfb 8%7 C 1% 7 C 0%7 C 637049717548817342& sdata =%2 F 8 NQwr. A 0 n. CBTXSa 2 wnh. TAJ 2 AEtd. Va F 7 Av. Ksk. DTlb. HWw%3 D& reserved=0

Topography activities • 2 Activities: • Coloring activity • Card Activity (complete handout)

2003 Bright Soil NSSDC/NASA • Mars Exploration Rovers – – – USA Launched June-July 2003 Arrived January 2004 Spirit Opportunity The twin robotic explorers landed on opposite sides of the planet – Since leaving their landing sites, the twin rovers have sent more than 100, 000 spectacular high resolution full-color images of the Martian terrain. – Mission extended to 2007

NSSDC/NASA

Panoramic View NSSDC/NASA

NSSDC/NASA

Viking 2 with frost

• http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-n. Ahag_i. Fx 0 • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_h. N 4 Xd. S 7 NMY

Land Features of Mars • • • Volcanoes Canyons Polar Ice Caps Dust Rock and possibly meteorites

Olympus Mons – tallest volcano in our solar system NSSDC/NASA

Mars Global Surveyor Color image of Olympus Mons: • 16 miles high • 4 times as tall as Mauna Loa (Earth’s tallest volcano) • 3 times as high as Mt Everest. (Earth’s highest mt. ) • Olympus Mons = 88, 600 ft. • Mt. Everest = 29, 029 ft.

Comparing Mount Everest to Olympus Mons Mt. Everest from Space NSSDC/NASA

Olympus Mons NSSDC/NASA

Why are volcanoes taller and canyons deeper on Mars?

Volcanic Activity • Early Mars was volcanically active and concentrated around the Tharsis region near the equator • Volcanoes on Mars are 100 x larger than those on Earth • The surface of Mars is stationary so volcanoes remain over chambers of molten rock; as the lava pours out it adds to the height of the volcano

Tectonic Activity • Mars’ outer layer does not move relative to the mantle underneath – the surface has been stationary for at least 3 billion yrs • Mars lacks features of plate tectonics, such as chains of volcanoes, long ridges or folded mountains • Scientists speculate some tectonics in its early history due to magnetic patterns in the Southern Highlands – an area needing further exploration

Valles Marineris: The Grand Canyon of Mars NSSDC/NASA

Earth’s Grand Canyon NSSDC/NASA

More Looks at our Grand Canyon NSSDC/NASA

http: //www. nasa. gov/images/content/68101 9 main_pia 16098 b-43_946 -710. jpg

Comparing the Grand Canyons: • Mars: Valles Marineris • Earth: Grand Canyon – 4. 3 miles deep – 2500 miles long – 1 mile deep – 250 miles long NSSDC/NASA

Vallis Marineris NSSDC/NASA

Mars Express Pics NSSDC/NASA

North & South Poles North Pole • large ice cap • mostly made of water ice. • In winter, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere freezes and deposits a layer of dry ice (frozen CO 2) on the ice cap, causing the polar cap grows larger in during winter because of this. • In summer, warm temperatures cause the dry ice to sublimate away, • The polar cap shrinks in size. http: //mars. jpl. nasa. gov/multimedia/videos/m ovies/mro 20111220 -320. mov NASA

North & South Poles South Pole • New measurements of Mars' south polar region indicate extensive frozen water. • It contains enough frozen water to cover the whole planet in a liquid layer approximately 5 feet deep. http: //mars. jpl. nasa. gov/multimedia/videos/m ovies/mro 20111220 -320. mov NASA

Craters on Mars NSSDC/NASA

Sand Dunes: • • Regolith = loose surface material on terrestrial planets Take many shapes and forms. Some appear to have become hardened & stationary. Bright areas may be carbon dioxide or water frost. Images from nasa. gov

Dust Storms • Storms begin near Hellas Basin, lowest place on Mars • Occur during southern spring as Mars gets closer to Sun • Winds up to 62 mph • May be a power source

Is Mars Red Hot? • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=62 z. Kxex. Jr. IM

Martian Atmosphere No Ozone layer to protect from solar UV radiation • • 95% carbon-dioxide • 1% the thickness 3% nitrogen of Earth. 1. 6 % argon • Constantly filled 0. 4 % trace amounts of: with small dust – Oxygen – Water vapor – Other gases particles to give pinkish hue. NSSDC/NASA

Colonize Mars? Don’t want to wear your space suit? • No air to breathe • Lack of air pressure • Air would be sucked from lungs • Eyes sucked from sockets • Whatever you ate for lunch would explode out of your stomach. • Temperature? • You would end up freeze-dried

Colonize Mars? What would we need? • Lack of atmosphere & Protection from radiation – Live in pressurized caves 16 ft underground • Use orbiting mirrors to capture solar energy to heat up planet – Release frozen CO 2 from ice caps into atmosphere, which would increase air pressure and cause global warming

Spirit & Opportunity Temperatures NSSDC/NASA