Remembering the old girls Remember the old girls
Remembering “the old girls” “Remember the ‘old girls, ’ as they made it possible for us to work for our dream. ” –Marion Mason, Ph. D, RD, Professor of Nutrition, Simmons College in Boston, Mass
Let’s Start at the Very Beginning A very good place to start
The Father of Western Medicine The word ‘dietetics’ is noted in the writings of Hippocrates, Plato, and Galen as early as 460 BC Hippocrates formed theories about the relationship between food and the state of a person’s health
Lind’s Treatise of Scurvy 1753 Lemons and Limes prevent scurvy for sailors at sea A historic and fascinating discovery on the relation between food and illness
Development of Food Composition Tables William Henneberg and Frederick Stohmann introduced the Weende method for measuring crude fibre in 1864 Atwater ran extensive analyses of foods in America leading to the publication of Food Composition Tables in 1877
Cooking schools serve as our roots The first cooking school was the New York Cooking Academy founded in 1876 Trained many who were placed in charge of food service in hospitals and the Red Cross during World War 1
American Home Economics Association The word “dietitian” was coined in 1899 at the Lake Placid Conference on Home Economics A subgroup of the AHEA pursued a specialty in dietetics
The Official Birth of the Profession World War I, a stimulus which brought dietitians together
The Impetus Which Brought Early Dietitians Together • April 1917, American joins World War 1 • President Woodrow Wilson urged the importance of food conservation • A primitive war with soldiers suffering from inadequate nutrition • Dietitians hurried to serve but received no benefits, insurance, or rights to compensation
Lenna F. Cooper and Lulu Graves Extend an Invitation • Disappointed that hospitals were not contributing to the calls for conservation efforts • AHEA opted to cancel its meeting leading Graves and Cooper to send out an invitation • An advertisement in the Department of Dietetics column in the October issue of Modern Hospital magazine “…it seems highly important that the feeding of as many people as possible be placed in the hands of women who are trained and especially fitted to feed them in the best possible manner. ”
Another surge in Dietetics “…it is something to celebrate that each time there are challenges, whether in the 1940 s or 2010 s…the profession at large has always emerged with elevated recognition for its diligent work in serving its practitioners, its country, and the public” -Karen Stein, MFA
The US Army Requests 1000 New Dietitians • The ADA created many programs to relieve the shortage of dietitians serving in the US Army • Training for Dietitian Aides ensued and by 1943, there were 525 graduates • Accelerated Dietitian Apprentice Program • National Wartime Nutrition Guide
The American Dietetic Association The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
The American Dietetic Association is Born • October 18 th, 1917 at Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio • Lulu Graves elected as President • Lenna Cooper elected as vice President “The results of this conference have been far greater than we anticipated. . . I am sure not even the most sanguine among us ever dreamed that from this modest beginning the [Academy] would one day attain the place it holds. ” -Lulu Graves, 1944
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics • Seal of the ADA displays “Quan Plurimis Prodesse” meaning “benefit as many as possible” • Membership has reached over 75, 000 • Junior Membership established in 1926, and there are now over 21, 000 student members • First edition of the Journal of the American Dietetic Association published in 1925 with four issues per year.
Milestones of this Proud Profession Remembering the accomplishments and growth that brought us here
An exciting and rich history • John Hopkins Hospital offers approved training course in dietetics in 1914 • 1924 Discovery of curative effects of UV lights on rats leading to the discovery of Vitamin D • First male member in 1936 • The first RDAs released in 1941 • Framingham Heart Study showing the impact of diet and sedentary lifestyle on cardiovascular health in 1949 • In 1969, the association develops a system of national certification, designating the dietitian as a Registered Dietitian
Evolution in the Education of Dietitians High standards for training and educating dietetic students
Standards of Education • In 1919 at least 2 years of college was recommended • 1 n 1924, the minimum standard was a 4 year university course with a major in foods and nutrition, followed by 6 months of supervised training in a hospital • In 1927, student training programs become standardized and became known as dietetics internships in 1946 • One of the first approved programs located at Freedmen’s Hospital at Howard University, Washington, DC
Remembering the ‘old girls’ And many, many more who paved the way in Dietetics
Just a Few of Those Who Paved the Way • Lulu Graves, ADA’s first president and created a training course for hospital dietetics at Cornell • Sarah Tyson Rorer, first American dietitian and founded the Philadelphia Cooking School in 1881 • Lenna Cooper, director of a training school in Battle Creek, Michigan and served as the ADA’s first vice president • Ruth Wheeler prepared the first outline of a training course, establishing education requirements for dietetics practice • Florence Nightingale, founder of the nursing profession as well as named the first hospital dietitian • Lydia J. Roberts, leading nutritionist at Univ. of Chicago and the Univ. of Puerto Rico
A Look into the Past A look at the present
Then & Now • Four areas of dietetics identified, dietotherapy, teaching, social welfare, and administration • Hospitals by far the most common employment setting in the 1940 s • Fixed-menu batch style cooking has moved towards hotel-style room service models and a la carte food carts • Menus in early days included mush, molasses, and beer Practice Area 1995 2002 2005 2007 2009 2011 Clinical Dietetcs 45 54 54 55 56 56 Food and Nutrition Management 26 13 12 12 12 Community Nutrition 15 11 11 11 Consultation/Business 7 11 11 11 8 8 Education/Research 7 6 7 7 Other 5 4 5 6 6
A Day in the Life • Miss Nelson, a dietitian in the 20 s and 30 s • Supervised housekeeper’s work in purchasing and preparing food, etc • Instructed and consulted with staff nurses about nutrition and diet • Visited homes to teach about a balanced diet and food preparation • She prepared budgets for families, planned therapeutic diets for patients • Work hours 8 am to 5: 30 pm weekdays, 8 am to 12 pm Saturdays with 1 month summer vacation • Worked with many diabetes patients as this was before insulin; considered a fatal disease
Bibliography • Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Membership Rises for Ninth Straight Year to Highest Level in History. (2014, May 6). States News Service. • Bittle Ph. D, R. C. (2001). ADA’s Historic Commitment to Improve Nutrition Policy. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 406 -407. • Bogle, M. , & Ebro L, W. E. (2013). Nutrition and Dietetics: Practice and Future Trends. Jones & Bartlett Learning. • Erickson-Weerts, Ph. D, RD, S. (1999). Past, Present, and Future Perspectives of Dietetics Practice. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 231293. • Fitz, M. R. (1996). President's Page. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1160 -1161. • Hwalla, N. , & Koleilat, M. (2004). Dietetic Practice: the past, present, and future. La Revue de Sante de la Mediterranee Orientale. • Luttrell, M. (2015, May 6). North Bay Business Journal. Retrieved from North Bay Business Journal: http: //www. northbaybusinessjournal. com/42319/john-quincy-adams-perfectly-defined-leadership/ • Petrillo, MS, RD, T. (2002). Live the ADA Legacy, Anually. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1046 -1048. • Stein, K. (2014). History Snapshot: Dietetics Student Experience in the 1940 s. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1648 -1662. • Stein, K. (2015). A Pictorial Job Fair: A Glimpse at the Academy’s Vintage Professional Recruitment Materials. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1501 -1513. • Weigley, P. R. (1997). 80 th Anniversary Celebration. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1164 -1164.
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