Remember the two important rules 1 Only use

Remember the two important rules: 1. Only use oil on 100 x objective lens. Never get it onto any of the other objectives! 2. Never use the coarse adjustment with the 40 x and 100 x objectives.

Ex. 3: Staining Techniques Gram Stain, part 1 • Chromophores • Basic vs. acidic dyes

Objectives • Explain the value of staining microorganisms • Prepare a specimen slide including air-drying and heat-fixing • Identify the most common shapes of bacteria • Explain the difference between acidic and basic stains • Explain rational and procedure of Gram stain • Perform and interpret Gram stain • Recognize the differences between eu- and prokaryotic cells and estimate all cell sizes using microoculometer

Differential Stain 1. Primary stain (stains all cells on slide) 2. Decolorizing step (removes stain from certain types of cells) 3. Counterstain (stains the decolorized cells)

Strongly advised When doing any of the microbiology labs: 1. make sure to carefully follow the procedure outlined in the Materials and Methods section 2. Pay attention to any additional advice given by your instructor or technician 3. Always read the labs before coming to class! 4. Have fun!

Lab Bench Organization

Prepare a Cheek Cell Smear Allow smear to air dry

Heat fix

Movie Clip on Heat Fixing http: //deimos. apple. com/Web. Objects/Core. woa/Browsev 2/laspositascollege. edu

Gram Stain is …. …the most important bacterial stain! Therefore: Memorize steps as soon as possible

Gram Staining Reagents Decolorizing agent Primary stain Mordant Counterstain

Gram Stain Mechanism (slide from lecture) • Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell. • Gram-positive – Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan – CV-I crystals do not leave • Gram-negative – Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan. – CV-I washes out

Staining

Blotting

Using the Oil Immersion Lens

When viewing the specimens with the microscope, estimate cell sizes eyepiece micro-oculometer. by using the While in theory, each microscope should be calibrated separately, for our purposes it will be good enough to use the following conversion chart: 10 x objective lens: 1 ocular unit = 10 m 40 x objective lens: 1 ocular unit = 2. 5 m 100 x objective lens: 1 ocular unit = 1 m

Remember the Trouble Shooting Trouble focusing on the object? Check the following: • Is the light adjusted properly? • Was the object in focus under low power? • Is the oil touching the lens? • Is the lens dirty?

Gram Stain Animations ASM Microbe Library Mac. Graw Hill Animation You. Tube presentation