RELIGION by Leslie Giesenschlag and Sara Mogab AP

RELIGION by Leslie Giesenschlag and Sara Mogab AP Summer Institute for 2017 As demonstrated by Ken Keller, President of National Council for Geographic Education and AP Instructor for College Board Resource: http: //www. religionfacts. com/big-religion-chart

Religion Key Issues 1. Where are religions distributed? 2. Why do religions have different distributions? 3. Why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns? 4. Why do territorial conflicts arise among religious groups? 5. What is religion? Think about it for a moment….

Prevailing World Religions Map >93% (6. 8 billion) of the world claim a religious affiliation Major Religions (Chronological Order) • Hinduism ~2500 BCE (900 million) • Judaism ~ 2000 BCE (14 million) • Christianity 33 CE (2. 1 billion) • Islam ~610 CE (1. 5 billion) • Sikhism 1469 CE (30 million) Major Life Philosophies (Chronological Order) • Taoism 550 BCE (20 million) • Buddhism 520 BCE (360 million) • Confucianism ~495 BCE (5 -6 million)

The Geography of Religion * Ethnic versus Universalizing (proselytizing) Religions & Philosophy’s * Polytheism versus Monotheism

Religions are divided into • Branches -a large and fundamental division within a religion – • Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox branches of Christianity. • Sunni, Shi'ite, Sufi Mystic branches of Islam • Mahayana, Theravada branches of Buddhism • Denomination -a division or a within a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single administrative body • Protestant Denominations: Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist • Orthodox Denominations: Eastern, Russian, Greek, Coptic • Sect - a small group that has broken away from the established denomination (may be viewed as radical)

Classifications of Religions Universalizing (60% adherents) • Appeal to people everywhere all over the world • Known individual founder (prophet) & specific place of origin • Message diffused widely (missionaries) • Followers distributed widely. • Holidays based on events in founder’s life. • Holy places are associated with the founder • Religious calendar reflects the life of the founder • Group is homogeneous Ethnic (25% adherents) • Appeals to mainly one group of people living in one place • Unknown source. • Followers highly clustered. • Holidays based on local climate and agricultural practice • Holy places are associated with the physical environment of the hearth • Religious calendar reflects the seasons • Group is heterogeneous

Universalizing & Ethnic Religions • The main universalizing/world religions and philosophies are: Religion Christianity World Philosophy Buddhism Islam Sikhism Baha’i • The main ethnic/regional religions and philosophies are: Religion World Philosophy Hinduism Daoism Judaism Confucianism Shintoism

Hinduism • 900 million + adherents primarily in India • Hinduism is an ancient term for the complex and diverse set of religious beliefs practiced around the Indus River. • Reincarnation - endless cycles. Karma • Coastlines and river banks most sacred sites. (ex: Ganges River) • Vishnu and Shiva most common of hundreds of deities.

Hinduism Origin – existed prior to recorded history Texts – Vedas & Upanishads 3 rd Largest Religion Follow the Caste System- It is a social stratification – multilayered culture controlled by the powerful priests. British tried to eliminate it. It is technically against the law, but still practiced in the rural areas and some large cities. • Caste System • • Perform only certain jobs Wear only certain clothes Worship at certain places. Not able to go up or down a level in the system

• Old Testament writings • Hebrew heritage JUDAISM • Ishmael, son of Abraham • The Prophets • Monotheism • Abraham, son issac & Prophets • Jerusalem (Holy City) • Teachings about • SW Asia Heaven and Hell ISLAM Crash Course Videos: • Jews & Christians • Islam • Isis CHRISTIANITY Major Monotheistic Religions of the world from SW Asia

The family … Genealogy of Abraham

JUDAISM • Second oldest and continuously practiced religion • First monotheistic religion • Founder: Abram whom God renamed Abraham 2000 -1500 BC • God: Adonai • Salvation through belief in God of the Torah • Holy Books: Torah, Talmud, Tanakh (these make up the Law, Prophets, & Writings) • No place of “Hell” or torment for sin • Called: Jews • Place of Worship: Synagogue or

Christianity • 2 billion adherents make it most practiced in the world. • Originated in Bethlehem (8 -4 BC) and Jerusalem (AD 30) with Jesus Christ. • Spread by missionaries and the Roman Empire (Constantine A. D. 313).

Christianity • 2 billion followers in N. and S. America, Europe, Australia, and some Asian and African countries. • • • 50% Roman Catholic, 25% Protestant, 10% Eastern Orthodox 15% miscellaneous. About 90% of the Western Hemisphere is Christian. 95% Roman Catholic in Latin American 50% Protestant in the U. S. Holy Text: Bible- Old and New Testament Symbols: cross, dove, anchor, fish, alpha and omega

Roman Catholic • • • OT has 7 additional books (The Septuagint) Pope is the highest authority on earth All male clergy • Shares same New Testament • 95 Thesis Rap • Reformation (CCWH) • Hierarchical Organization • Apostolic Succession • Transubstantiation • Purgatory • Trinity • Deity of Jesus Christ • Old & New Testament • 12 Apostles • Communion Orthodox • Separated from RCC over Papal authority and history (who was following original church the closest) • Archbishop of the church is authority. • Branches include: Greek, Russian, Coptic • No recognition of Papal authority • Multiple denominations • Martin Luther (Augustinian Monk) suggests reform needed in a corrupt practices of RCC (Tetzel’s sale of indulgences) • High Churches use liturgy and procedures akin to RCC. • Low Churches forgo decorations and liturgical pomp • Branches include: Lutheran, Baptist, Non-denominations Protestant Branches of Christianity

Branches of Christianity: Catholicism • Catholics are Christians! • Catholic (Greek meaning general or universal) and can refer to the Roman Catholic Church or universal Christian body of believers • Largest denomination of the Christian churches (1. 25 million members) • Leaders: • • Pope is head of the RCC and Head of State for the Vatican States a nation-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. Vatican States is one of two theocracies in the world, the other is Iran. Priests are spiritual leaders and celibate Nuns are lay ministers and celibate Lay ministers assist the Priests during services and with congregation • Apocrypha (13 extra books) & Gnostic scriptures (viewed as heresy by Protestants) • Roman Catholic is the main denomination • Saints mediate w/God on a person’s behalf. St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome • Purgatory • Last Rites (absolution of sin) by priest to the dying.

Branches of Christianity: Orthodox • Orthodox are Christians! • Orthodox Churches maintain that their churches, not Roman Catholic, are the oldest Christian churches because they follow the set of doctrines which were believed by the early Christians. • “Orthodoxy has maintained the New Testament tradition, whereas Rome has often added to it and Protestantism subtracted from it. ” (http: //www. antiochian. org/content/what-earth-orthodox-church) • There was one Christian church with two opposing views until 1054 when the Great Schism occurred separating Eastern from Western Christian Churches. • the Eastern churches rebuffed the authority of the Pope and referred to themselves “orthodox. ” • The Western churches identified themselves as “Catholic” and held the authority of the Pope. • There are several branches of Orthodoxy including: Eastern, Russian, Greek, and Coptic (the most conservative).

Branches of Christianity: Protestants • Protestants are Christians! • Started in 1517 (Reformation) Augustinian Monk, Martin Luther, wanted to reform the Roman Catholic Church • Protestants maintain • Every believer is a Saint • Communion • • Transubstantiation (High Churches) Any believer can partake (High Church: must be confirmed first) • Traditional • High Church • Lutherans, Anglicans, and Episcopalians kept rituals similar to Catholic church • Low Church • Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Quakers, etc, few rituals more relaxed. • Non-Traditional • Non-Denominational churches • Spiritual Leaders • Ministers who can perform religious and legal ceremonies; can marry • Stephens Ministry – lay ministers (men and women) who support ordained ministers • Hundreds of denominations stemming from interpretations of Scripture. (i. e. , proper baptism, marriage, communion, etc. )

First Split in Christianity, 1054 CE Western Roman empire = Roman Catholicism Eastern Roman empire = Orthodox

Buddhism • 300 million + adherents primarily in China and S. E. Asia • Originated near modern Nepal around 530 BC by prince Siddhartha Gautama. • Spread originally in India and Sri Lanka by Magadha Empire (250 BC). • Indian traders brought it to China in 1 st century AD. • By 6 th century it had lost its hold on India, but was now in Korea and Japan.

Four Noble Truths: Buddhism 1. All living beings must endure suffering. 2. Suffering, which is caused by desires (for life), leads to reincarnation. 3. The goal of existence is an escape from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation by means of Nirvana. 4. Nirvana is achieved by the Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of understanding, mindfulness, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and concentration. Buddhism & Ashoka

Three main Branches: • Theravada - the older, more severe form which requires the renouncing of all worldly goods and desires. • Mahayana - focuses on Buddha’s teachings and compassion. • Tantrayana – smallest branch (6%) emphasizing magic as well as meditation techniques. Found primarily in Tibet and Mongolia. One main concept: Karma - your past bad or good actions determine your progress toward Nirvana through reincarnation.

Diffusion of Buddhism

Sunni • • • Shia (Shi’ite) • Separated from RCC over Papal authority and history (who was following original church the closest) • Archbishop of the church is authority. • Branches include: Greek, Russian, Coptic 83% of all Muslims are Sunni More peaceful branch Held to Muhammad’s choice for succession • Abraham is the head of Islam through Ishmael • 5 pillars • Islamic State (CCWH) • Islam (CCWH) • Mystic Islam branches include: Whirling Dervish, Sufi Mystics • Ibadi (branch of Kharijite) 1. 45 mil does not hold that sinful Muslims are unbelievers • Yazdanism blends Kurdish and Sufi doctrines • Black Muslim movements including Nation of Islam • Baha’i is viewed as heretical branch, most remain in Iran • Non-Denominational, “Just Muslim” make up 74% of Kazakhstan. Other Branches of Islam

World Muslim population by percentage (Pew Research Center, 2014).

Islam • 1 billion + adherents • Originated in Saudi Arabia (Mecca and Medina) around AD 600. • Spread originally by Muslim armies to N. Africa, and the Near East. • Sunni (83%) - throughout the Muslim world. • Shiite - Iran (40%), Pakistan (15%), Iraq (10%)

Islam • Founder: • Muhammad descendant of Ishmael • Received a revelation of God through Angel Gabriel • Qur'an- God’s words through Muhammad from the Angel Gabriel- written in Arabic • He was persecuted and migrated to Medina- where he found support • Beliefs: Five Pillars of Faith • Profession of Faith- There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger • Pray five time a day facing Mecca Dawn, Noon, Mid-Afternoon, Sunset, Nightfall • Alms / Charity to the poor • Fasting during Ramadan as an act of self purification • Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life

Islam • Main Branches: disagree about the line of succession in Islamic leadership • Sunni (83%)- mainly in the Middle East and Asiaelected leadership • Shiite (16%)- Iran • want descendants of Muhammad to become leader of Islam • Other include the Druze – Syria; Sufi (inner or esoteric dimension of Islam, a. k. a. whirling dervishes) • Other • Islam in Arabic means: Submission to the will of God • Adherents are called: Muslims (One who will surrender to God)

The Hajj Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the Hajj.

Sikhism • Origins – Founder – Date – World Area • Texts/ Major Docs. • Punjab area (India) • Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji • 1500 CE • 23 million, mainly South Asia, UK, US • Shri Guru Granth and Dasam Granth • Strict monotheism, Leaders = Gurus, overcome self, align life with God’s will, “Saint Soldier”, reincarnation, equality of all, reject caste system, balance work, worship & charity • Ceremonies / Rituals • reading the scriptures, Diwali, services at temple • Major Beliefs

Baha‘i (Arabic for "glory" or "splendor") • Origins – Founder – Date – World Area Bahaullah 19 th c Persia (Iran) SE & S Asia, Europe & N America • Texts/ Major Docs. • • Writings of first leaders: Báb, Bahá'u'lláh, `Abdu'l-Bahá, & Shoghi Effendi Major Beliefs • • Bahai is a monotheistic religion emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind. Three core principles: unity of God, unity of religion, unity of humanity • Ceremonies / Rituals • The year consists of 19 months, each having 19 days, with four or five intercalary days, making a full solar year. The Baha'i New Year occurs on the vernal equinox, 21 March, at the end of the month of fasting. • Baha'i communities gather each month at a meeting called a Feast.

Bab’s tomb, Haifa, Israel

ETHNIC RELIGIONS • One that primarily appeals to one group of people living in one place. More closely tied to the physical geography of a particular region, especially with agriculture.

Animism (Shamanism) • The belief that all objects, animals, and beings are “animated” or possess a spirit and a conscious life. Also called shamanism because of the prominence of a Shaman. • Such beliefs are common among hunter-gatherers. • 10% of Africans follow such traditional ethnic religions. • These beliefs are losing ground to Christianity and Islam throughout Africa. Nigerian Shaman

Eastern Religions • CONFUCIANISM - mainly in China, stresses ethical lifestyles; More of a philosophy then a religion • TAOISM - mainly in China also, followers seek the Tao meaning the way or path. • SHINTO - mainly in Japan, before WWII was the state religion and emperor was regarded as divine. 14 th Century Chinese painting depicting Lao-tze and Confucius protecting Sakayumi, the future Buddha.

Key Issue 2: Why do religions have different distributions? • As a general rule, universalizing religions have origins based on a specific individual’s life in the past, ethnic religions typically have either no origin or an unclear one at best. • Review: • 1. What were the origins of…? (name a country and region and time period) • Christianity • Islam • Buddhism • Sikhism • Hinduism • Animism • Shinto • Jainism 2. What similarities do these have in common; research and list some of them. 3. What are their major differences?

MAP OF RELIGION

Diffusion of Religions • Christianity spread mainly through the work of missionaries, and also by some conquest and colonization. • Islam spread mainly through conquest. • Buddhism spread mainly through missionaries and trade merchants.

Diffusion of Christianity

Diffusion of Islam • Spread through the conquering of territories • Relocation diffusion of missionaries • Spread through Arab traders to places like Indonesia

Ethnic vs. Universalizing • Ethnic religions rarely diffuse, and when they do, it is to a small extent. • Universalizing religions diffuse mainly at the expense of the smaller ethnic religions,

Syncretism - the mixing of two or more religions that creates unique rituals, artwork, and beliefs.

Cosmogony and Calendars (Cosmogony: the astrophysical study of the origin and evolution of the universe. ) • Cosmogony and calendars differ between universalizing religions and ethnic religions. • Ethnic religious creation stories tend to deal with the physical environment and natural events • Ethnic religions typically organize their calendars around the seasons, other natural events, or the physical geography. • Universalizing religion stories often attempt to explain the mystical. • Universalizing religions’ main purpose in calendars is to commemorate events in the founder’s life, thus the seasons or weather are not central to the structure.

Key Issue 3: Why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns? • The distribution of religious elements on the landscape reflects the importance of religion in people’s values. • In Christianity, the landscape is dominated by a high density of churches. • In Islam, mosques are the places for general assembly. • In Hinduism, temples are built within the home or individual community. • In both Buddhism and Shinto, pagodas are the common architecture. • In Baha'i, the church officials decided to open seven Houses of Worship on multiple continents to stress the universality of their religion.

Religion and Environment • Burial practices • The disposing of the dead differs between religions. • Burial • Cremation • Judeo-Christians bury. • Hindus and Buddhists cremate. • Relationship with nature • Sacred Spaces • Am Indian burial grounds • Military Cemeteries • Monuments • Sacred architecture (Taj Mahal) • What are some MS connections here:

• Hierarchical religion- well-defined geographic structure with a high degree of organization. Ex. The Roman Catholic Church • Diocese- the basic geographic unit of the R. C. C. • Appeals to structured government systems (dictatorships, monarchies, etc. ) • Autonomous religions- self-sufficient religions with little organization. Ex. Islam prefers to unify by faith rather than specific boundaries. • Appeals to more open government systems (democracy, republics, etc. )

Issue 4: Why do territorial conflicts arise among religious groups? List some modern ones:

Conflicts along Religious Borders Religion is element of cultural diversity that has led to most conflict in places. • Interfaith Boundaries • Boundaries between the world’s major faiths. • Intrafaith Boundaries • Boundaries within a single major faith.

Interfaith Boundary in Africa

Israel & Palestine

The West Bank with the proposed security wall, parts of which the Israeli government has already built.

The Horn of Africa Amharic (Coptic) Christianity is in central Ethiopia Islam diffused into the Horn of Africa Indigenous religions remain in pockets

RELIGIOUS WARS Religious Wars in Ireland • A small faction chose to join the United Kingdom when Ireland became independent in 1937. • 46 percent protestant and 40 percent Roman Catholic (2001) • Roman Catholics have been victimized by discriminatory practices, such as exclusion form higher-paying jobs and better schools. • Belfast, the capital city, is highly segregated. • Protests by Roman Catholics began in 1968 with bloodshed of both Protestants and Roman Catholics.

Rise of Secularism • Secularism – indifference to or rejection of organized religious affiliations and ideas. - Where is secularism on the rise and why?

The Rise of Secularism • World wide 4/6 billion adhere to a religion • Separation of Church & State a new concept • Today in the Developed World religion has declined in importance • Secularism is most common in urban, industrialized nations • Anti-religious ideologies like communism discouraged organized worship

Religious Fundamentalism & Extremism • Religious fundamentalism – a return to the basics of their faith. found in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam • Religious extremism – fundamentalism carried to the point of violence. found in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

Basic Vocabulary- Review with a Partner Monotheism Polytheism Inclusive Exclusive Syncretism Agnostic Atheistic Apostate Convert

Dogma Morals Ethics Fundamentalist Conservative Liberal Idol Cosmogony Hierarchical Religions Autonomous Religions