Relationships Are Complicated What are biotic and abiotic

Relationships Are Complicated!

What are biotic and abiotic factors? • Ecosystems are influenced by an array of factors, some living and others not. Ø The biological influences on organisms are called biotic factors. § This includes any and all living things that may interact with an organism. § In other words, the ecological community! Ø Physical, or nonliving, influences on organisms are called abiotic factors. § This includes, temperature, precipitation, nutrients, sunlight, shelter, etc. • Together, biotic & abiotic factors determine the success of an organism and its ecosystem.

What is a habitat? • It is the area where an organism lives. (the organism’s address) • It includes both biotic and abiotic factors.

What is a niche? • It is the full range of biotic and abiotic factors in which an organism lives and how it uses those conditions. (A niche is an organism’s occupation. ) ØThis includes the type of food the organism eats, how it obtains food, which other organisms can eat it, and the ability to reproduce. ØIt also refers to the temperature, nutrients, and habitat necessary to survive.

Competitive Exclusion Principle • No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

Cape May Warbler Yellow-Rumped Warbler Bay Breasted Warbler

We all live together! • Most all living things have to interact with one another for survival. – Symbiosis – describes any relationship that develops between two species because they live together • The way in which different species interact serves to define the type of ecosystem. – There are various forms of symbiosis:

Competition • Competition is when both organisms use the same space and resources at the same time. • Competition can occur between organisms of the same species or different species • Both organisms are harmed because they expend energy

Competition The two flowering plants are competing for the same space Which means both of them are harmed. http: //elementy. ru/images/eltbook/competitive_exclusion_principle_520. jpg

Competition – introduced species The Eastern Bluebird is being forced into smaller numbers by the House Sparrow, an introduced species. http: //my. core. com/~paper-images/Eastern_Bluebird 022 v. jpg http: //photogallery. canberrabirds. org. au/images/Sparrow_House_Dabb. jpg

Kudzu Competition • Kudzu was introduced to the • • • United States in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, PA. It “outcompetes” other native plants so they don’t have a place to grow. http: //news. uns. purdue. edu/images/+2005/nice-kudzu. jpg &imgrefurl=http: //www. yahoolavista. com/kudzu/&h=288&w=432&sz=35&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=tp 85 k. Kj 4 SEtsv. M: &tbnh=84&tb nw=126&prev=/images%3 Fq%3 Dkudzu%26 svnum%3 D 10%26 hl%3 Den%26 lr%3 D

Competing for Mates Big Ram Rumble

Mutualism • a relationship where both organisms benefit in some way • This can involve providing food, protection, a place to live or even pollination.

Mutualism - Clownfish and Anemone The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in return the clownfish keeps the anemone free from dirt and debris. Clown Fish http: //www. bigfishhooked. com/clown_fish_and_anenome. jpg

Mutualism - Lichens consist of a fungus with an algae or photosynthetic bacterium living inside the fungus. The alga provides food for both of them and the fungus provides a habitat for the algae. tbnid=7 a. E_8 wr. Zk. K 9 LJM: &tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images%3 Fq%3 Dlichen%26 start%3 D 20%26 ndsp%3 D 20%26 svnum%3 D 10%26 hl%3 Den%26 lr%3 D%26 sa%3 DN

Termites and Endosymbiotic Protists http: //web. cc. yamaguchiu. ac. jp/~deb 10/termite/image 22. gif http: //www. ppru. cornell. edu/news/national_program_poster/picture/Humans 1. jpg

Mutualism – Ant and Aphid http: //www. richsoil. com/antsandaphids/ants_aphids_sugar. jpg Ant & Catepillar Movie

Oxpecker and Ox http: //www. vet. uga. edu/vpp/NSEP/fmd/Images/oxpecker. jpg

ox-pecker http: //www. wildlife-pictures-online. com/image-files/impala_knp-9113_blog. jpg

More Ox peckers http: //www. wildlifesafari. info/images/birds/oxpecker_yellow-billed. jpg

Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Plants http: //www. nitragin. com/images/inoc/pg 4 -1. jpg http: //www. pitt. edu/~biohome/Dept/Img/graphics/vo_nodule. jpg

Commensalism • a relationship where one organism benefits & the other is “unaffected. ”

Cattle Egret and Cattle http: //www. schmoker. org/Bird. Pics/Photos/Shorebirds. Waders/CAEG 6. jpg

Sharks and Remoras http: //www. mcss. sc/images/Newsletter/ws_johannes. jpg

Commensalism – whale and barnacle The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale, and form the adult. This habitat is a good one for providing food. The whale does not “appear” to be harmed. • http: //www. coolantarctica. com/Antarctica%20 fact%20 file/wildlife/whales/humptail. jpg

Commensalism – limpets on mussel shell

Parasitism • a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Cuckoo Bird and Small Nesting Birds http: //www. standrews. ac. uk/~seal/niche/imag es/figure 03. jpg http: //www. arkive. org/media/60 E 330296 DA 4 -4 C 7 A-89 BC 30 DEE 08 BC 0 C 2/Presentation. Large/Du nnock_nest_with_three_dunnock_eggs_ and_one_cuckoo_egg_. jpg You. Tube: Cuckoo Bird & Duck

Leeches and Mammal Host http: //www. biopharm-leeches. com/images/hand 2. jpg

Mistletoe – a plant parasite Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of Other trees. It can photosynthesize a little but not enough to meet its needs. The tree can be very harmed. http: //www. wcosf. org/other_photos/Mistletoe_1_600. JPG

Tapeworm and Mammal Host http: //gecko. gc. maricopa. edu /~lsola/bio 182/labreview/plat yhelminthes/tapeworm. jpg http: //twc. bc. ca/images/toons/B leachers-Tapeworm. gif http: //www. britishbeef. co. uk/scolexpicture. jpg

Tobacco Hornworm and Wasp Cocoons http: //www. ces. ncsu. edu/chatham/ag/Sust. Ag/GSFgraphics/hornwormparasiteweb. jpg

Heartworms and Dogs The worm larvae are transferred from dog to dog through the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito sucks larval heartworms with blood from an infected dog. The mosquito then bites another dog and transfers these microscopic larva as it bites. During the next few months, these larva migrate through the dogs body arriving at the heart several months later where they become adults. http: //www. greatlakesbcrescue. org/Health. NTraining/heartworms. JPG

Predator-Prey • a relationship where one organism benefits and the other dies.

Predator prey In this Predator-Prey relationship, the spider is eating an insect that it has trapped. http: //www. flickr. com/photos/flashmaggie/50552812/

Predator-Prey • In a predator-prey relationship one organism benefits and the other is killed.

The Ultimate Predator – a Wildcat! http: //www. birdsasart. com/cheetah-w-prey-_T 9 J 1935 -Sambura-WR, -Kenya. jpg