Relations and Events Viktoria Hrtenhuber Daria Kroner Mirjam
Relations and Events Viktoria Hörtenhuber, Daria Kroner, Mirjam Pircher
Relations: Transitive and Intransitive - He brings. - He walks his dog. - He drinks heavily. - The car stopped. - She stopped the car.
Monotransitive - She hoped they would win. - She hoped that they would win. - I don’t know if we can get there in time.
Ditransitive - He brings her the book back. - She teaches us math. - The girl was given a doll. - A doll was given to the girl. - He addressed his speeches to the citizens of Innsbruck.
• Natalie convinced Derek (that) she was right. • Phil recommended to me that I buy Harrods malt whiskey. • Martin asked me what time the meeting would end. • I persuaded Mark to see a doctor. • Mark was persuaded to see a doctor.
Intesive Verbs - Sarah looks very young for her age. - I was confused. - The kitchen is downstairs. - The party will be at nine.
- How did you get there? - They kept out of trouble.
Extensive Verbs - John runs very fast.
Complex-transitive verbs - She considered her mother a sensible woman. - She considered her mother to be a sensible woman.
Complex-transitive verbs • Direct object and object complement SVOC Examples: - The secretary left all the letters unopened. (adjective phrase) - The commitee has elected you its chairman. (noun phrase)
Complex-transitive verbs • Direct object and predication adjunct SVOA Examples: - Take your hand out of your pocket.
Complex-transitive verbs • Direct object and to-infinitive clause Factual verbs: Jim wanted the boy to be his friend. Nonfactual verbs: My contract allows me to take one month‘s leave • Direct object and bare infinitive clause They made me retake the exam. Did you notice anyone leave the house?
Complex-transitive verbs • Direct object and -ing participle clause I saw him lying in bed. • Direct object and -ed participle clause Someone must have seen the incident.
Stative Types • Qualities: • Mary is British. • Bob has blue eyes. • States: • Mary is tired. • Bob has a cold.
• Default: simple • Progressive implies temporariness: • We are living in the country. • We live in the country.
• Or changes interpretation: • The neighbours are friendly • The neighbours are being friendly. • I hope you will come. • I am hoping you will come. • Tina resembles her sister. • Tina is resembling her sister more and more.
• States in a temporary sense: • The manager is away this afternoon. • The manager works this afternoon.
Private States • Intellectual states: • know, believe, think, wonder, suppose, understand, … • Emotions and attitudes: • intent, wish, want, like, disagree, …
• States of perception: • see, hear, feel, smell, … • States of bodily sensation: • hurt, ache, tickle, feel cold, …
Stance • Intermediate between stative and dynamic categories -> live, stand, sit, lie • James lives in Copenhagen. • James is living in Copenhagen • The city lies on the coast. • People were lying on the beach
Dynamic Types • Durative – Punctual • Conclusive – Non-conclusive
• Goings-on: • The wind is blowing hard. • The engine was running smoothly. • Activities: • He was writing. • She was singing.
• Processes: • The weather is getting warmer. • The sun is ripening our tomatoes nicely. • Accomplishments: • Jill is knitting herself a sweater. • The boys were swimming across the lake.
References: • Quirk, Randolph et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, 1985.
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