REHABILITATION CAREERS Chapter 20 REHABILITATION CAREERS Rehabilitation helps

REHABILITATION CAREERS Chapter 20

REHABILITATION & CAREERS • Rehabilitation helps people who have been disabled by a sickness, an injury, or a birth defect. • The goal for all rehabilitation careers is to help people develop or recover as many of the abilities for the activities of daily living as possible. • The application of exercise and movement experiences help develop or restore muscular strength, endurance, or flexibility; neuromuscular coordination; cardiovascular efficiency; and other health and performance factors. Careers: • Physical Therapy • Occupational Therapy • Speech-language Pathologist • Audiologist

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE FOCUS Therapeutic exercise focus on developing the body’s systems so people are less likely to become injured or diseased.

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE SETTINGS • Inpatient facilities • Outpatient clinic settings • Sport team settings • Private practice

Physical Therapy … The goal of physical therapy (PT) is to examine and treat problems that affect clients’ ability to move and function. The client needs to be able to maintain posture, and move arms and legs to perform necessary tasks and activities. Clients range in age from newborns to the elderly.

PHYSICAL THERAPIST • PT’s examine a clients’ medical history, and then test and measure strength, range of motion, balance and coordination, posture, muscle performance, respiration, and motor function. This information is used to design a treatment plan. • Treatments provided by the PT include exercise, massage, and application of heat, cold, electrotherapy, and ultrasound. • The primary goal is to get their patients back in motion by using different techniques to increase mobility and decrease pain. • PT’s work in schools, sports rehab centers, private practice, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospitals, rehab centers, and industry • Education: Doctorate degree and must pass a national licenses exam.

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY • Seek to teach specific actions and activities resulting from an permanent loss of function. • OT’s applies tools and techniques to improve a patients ability to complete everyday task (ADL) due to the impairment. • The client must be able to perform daily routines such as dressing, grooming, bathing, and eating. They need to be able to live a useful and satisfying life. • Education: Masters or Doctorate degree and must pass a national licenses exam. • Can specialize in a certain area such as: driving, community mobility, environmental modification, low vision, feeding/eating, and school systems.

PHYSICAL VS OCCUPATIONAL • PT: is the physical rehabilitation of people recovering from injuries or disease. • The goal is to help patients restore mobility and fix the impairment completely. • This can minimize the need for expensive surgeries or long-term reliance on medications. • PTs also teach patients how to prevent or manage their condition so that they can attain long-term health benefits. • OT: focus on promoting health by teaching individuals to perform purposeful activities of daily life across their life span. • These healthcare professionals are dedicated to assisting patients in the long-term through therapeutic adaptations and modifications to their environments.

PT & OT SIMILARITIES • Both are part of care designed to help patients reach their full potential and improve their quality of life. • Both create individualized patient plans based on disabilities. • Both work with patients across the lifespan with any number of issues, including: • Children with developmental disabilities • Patients recovering from an injury or illness • Older adults experiencing physical and cognitive changes • Both are qualified to instruct and guide patients through exercises, and recommend medical and assistive devices, like braces, walkers, canes, and wheelchairs. • Both can work in clinics, patients’ homes, schools, rehab facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, and other settings • Both train caregivers to provide ongoing therapy and assistance.

SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST • Work to prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitivecommunication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults • Evaluate and diagnose disorders. • Treat speech, language, communication, and swallowing disorders. • Provide training and education to family/caregivers and other professionals. • Work collaboratively with professionals from many other disciplines. • Education: Masters Degree and must pass a national exam and become certified. • Use written and oral tests, special instruments to diagnose the nature and extent of the impairment. • They record analyze irregularities. • Teach alternative communication methods (including automated devices and sign language) • SLP’s can work in many different settings such as hospitals, rehab or skilled nursing centers, SLP offices, schools, and home health.

SPEECH DISORDERS • Language disorders may be written or spoken. They occur when a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings (expressive language). • Social communication disorders occur when a person has trouble with the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication. These disorders may include problems • (a) communicating for social purposes (e. g. , greeting, commenting, asking questions) • (b) talking in different ways to suit the listener and setting • (c) following rules for conversation and story-telling. • All individuals with autism spectrum disorder have social communication problems. Social communication disorders are also found individuals with other conditions, such as traumatic brain injury.

SPEECH DISORDERS • Cognitive-communication disorders include problems organizing thoughts, paying attention, remembering, planning, and/or problemsolving. • These disorders usually happen as a result of a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or dementia, although they can be congenital. • Swallowing disorders (dysphagia) are feeding and swallowing difficulties, which may follow an illness, surgery, stroke, or injury.

AUDIOLOGIST • Education: Doctorate degree in audiology. Must pass a certification exam. • Audiologist work with people who have hearing, balance, and related problems. • They work in a variety of settings, often as a member of a medical team. • Measure the loudness at which a patient begins to hear sounds, the patients ability to distinguish between sounds, and the extent of the patients hearing loss. • Hearing disorders can result from a variety of causes such as trauma at birth, viral infections, genetic disorders, exposure to loud noise, and aging. Treatment may include examining and cleaning the ear canal, fitting and dispensing hearing aids or other assistive devices, and audiologic rehabilitation. • Audiologic rehabilitation refers to auditory training or instruction in speech or lip reading.

HEARING TEST • Hearing loss is one of the most widespread chronic healthcare problems in society. More than 40 million people in the US suffer from hearing loss. • Otoscope is used to examine the outer and middle ear. • Test to figure out which tones, sounds, and words a patient can or cannot hear is usually done in a soundproof room using electronic equipment. • Patient is asked to signal when they hear tones through an earphone. • When test are completed they results are printed on a graph called an audiogram. • There are 3 types of hearing loss: • Conductive: Occurs when the eardrum and ear bones do not properly transmit vibrations to the cochlea (structure in inner ear that contains receptors for hearing). Caused by birth defects or a traumatic head injury. • Sensorineural: Deterioration of the cochlea. Aging and excessive exposure to loud noise cause this type of hearing loss. • Mixed: combo of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

SIGN LANGUAGE • Although ASL is similar to spoke language, its not just a form of English and has its own distinct grammatical structure. • ASL is not auditory but visual. • ASL was developed by American deaf people to communicate with ach other. • Standardization of the language began in 1817 when the first school for the deaf in the US was opened. • Sign language includes the full English alphabet, numbers, and well over 12000 words or phrases.

CHAPTER 20 QUESTIONS: VOCABULARY • Describe the responsibilities of a physical and occupational therapist and how are they different? • Mobility • What does it mean for an occupational therapist to develop adaptive equipment for patients? • Range of Motion • What do speech-language pathologist and audiologist do? • Otoscope • What type of physical conditions can impede verbal communication? • Audiogram • Audiometer • What alternative communication methods can a speechtherapist use to help a patient? How do these methods help? • What kind of problems do patients of an audiologist have? • Describe the 3 different types of hearing loss. • When was ASL developed?

RANGE OF MOTION • A joint is where 2 or more bones meet at. Each joint in our body has a range of motion (ROM). • When someone has a illness or disability that requires long periods of immobility or bed rest it can affect their flexibility and mobility. • ROM exercises help to maintain muscle tone and joint flexibility. • Health care professionals such as therapy personnel may be asked to help perform the exercises. • There are 3 categories of ROM exercises, which vary according to the patients physical abilities. • Active ROM: Patient is able to move the joint or extremity without assistance. • Active assisted ROM: the patient has limited ability to move the joint or limb and needs some assistance. • Passive ROM: Patient is unable to move the joint or limb, so the healthcare worker moves it for them.

RANGE OF MOTION • Abduction: moving away from middle of the body • Adduction: moving towards the middle of the body. • Extension: straightening. • Flexion: Bending (decreasing joint angle) • Inversion: tilting foot inward towards middle of body. • Eversion: tilting foot outwards. • Dorsiflexion: tilting foot upwards (toes pointing up). • Plantarflexion: tilting foot downward towards the ground. • Pronation: turning downwards. • Supination: turning upwards. • Rotation: Turning on an axis.

TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE • Rehabilitative therapeutic exercise: Processes and treatments that restore skills or functions that were previously gained but have been lost because of injury, disease, or behavioral traits. • Habilitative therapeutic exercise: Processes and treatments leading to the skills and functions that are considered normal and expected for an individual of a certain age and status.

REHABILITATIVE THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE • Exercise therapy for the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries • Exercise therapy for rehabilitation of athletic injuries • Exercise therapy for rehabilitation of postsurgical trauma • Exercise therapy in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation • Exercise therapy for the rehabilitation of older populations • Exercise therapy for the rehabilitation of psychological disorders (mind–body relationship)

HABILITATIVE THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE • Exercise therapy for specialized habilitation • Exercise therapy for habilitation of obese populations • Exercise therapy for habilitation of children with developmental disorders • Exercise therapy for habilitation of general fitness