Regional Meeting on Cooperation on Transboundary Aquifers in

Regional Meeting on Cooperation on Transboundary Aquifers in Africa El Mouradi – Gammarth Hotel (Tunis) 05 - 08 September 2017 Djamel Latrech

SASS LIMITS

GENERAL DATA AREA 1. 000 km 2 THEORETICAL RESERVES 60. 000 billion m 3 THEORETICAL RECHARGE 1 Billion m 3/yr COMPLEXE TERMINAL CONTINENTAL INTERCALAIRE AREA : 600 000 km² RECHARGE : 600 Mm 3/yr AREA : 1 000 km² RECHARGE : 300 Mm 3/yr

OBSTACLES TO SOIL OCCUPANCY ERGS CHOTTS ACCESSIBILITY SEBKHAS • SALINIZATION WATER QUALITY • TEMPERATURE - AVAILABILITY SOIL CATCHMENTS - QUALITY - HEAVY INVESTMENTS DEPTH (50 – 2500 m) PRODUCTIVITY (10 l/s – 200 l/s) COST OF PUMPING

PROPOSED LEVIES 1970 2000 2030 NEEDS (m 3/yr) 600 Millions 2. 5 Billion 8 Billion POPULATION (Billion) 1. 0 4. 0 8 170. 000 ha 400. 000 ha IRRIGATED 50. 000 ha AREAS COUNTRIES ALGERIA + LIBYA + TUNISIA

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES v RESERVATIONS CONSIDERABLE BUT LOW RENEWABLE v LIMITS OF ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITABLE VOLUMES FOR AGRICULTURE v GROWING WATER NEEDS v MANAGEMENT NOT CONCERTED

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT BASIN AWARENESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT COOPERATION AND TECHNICAL EXCHANGES PERMANENT CONCERTATION SASS BASIN

1 st PHASE OF THE SASS PROJECT / 1999 - 2002

SASS PROJECT COMPONENTS • INFORMATION SYSTEM Common database Common SIG • MATHEMATICAL MODEL Integration of the entire basin Realization of simulations • CONCERTATION MECHANISM Shared Vision Sustainable management of the basin

CONDITIONS OF MOBILIZATION PRESERVATION OF QUALITY DEPTH OF PUMPING SAFEGUARDING THE EXISTING VOLUMES EXPLOITABLE LOW / SIGNIFICANT RESERVES

EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1960

EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1970

EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1980

EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1990

EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 2000

EVOLUTION OF LEVIES TOTAL LEVIES IN SASS, Billion m 3/yr 2, 7 2, 4 2, 1 1, 8 1, 5 1, 2 Levies > Recharge 0, 9 0, 6 0, 3 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 LIBYA TUNISIA ALGERIA

CONSEQUENCES OF LEVIES Salt water Disappearance of artesianism Excessive pumping heights Drying up of Tunisian Outlet Drying up of Algerian Foggaras Interferences : Drawdowns between countries Salt Intrusion in the Gulf of Syrte in Libya

RISK AT THE LEVEL OF THE CHOT Natural Condition wells Piezometric level Chott Pure water Aquifer Upward flow Situation at Risk wells Aquifer Chott Salt water « suction » Piezometric level Inversion of flow

SCENARIOS OF THE THREE COUNTR Forecast water demand (2050) COUNTRIES Levies in 2000 (in Additional request in billion m 3 / year) 2050 (in billion m 3 / year) ALGERIA 1, 30 Scenario I : 2, 00 Scenario II : 3, 00 LIBYA 0, 40 0, 84 TUNISIA 0, 51 Maintenance of the current

CONSEQUENCES TO CI: DRAWDOWNS IN 2050

REVISION OF SCENARIOS AND STRATEGY Study and validation of results by countries Recommendations: localization of hydraulic availabilities respecting the following constraints üMaintenance of artesianism üPreservation of foggaras üPreservation of the Tunisian outlet üPreservation of water quality üPermissible pumping heights

AREAS OF POTENTIAL LEVIES TO CT Complexe Terminal aquifer Nearby chotts: areas influenced by increased levies Algéria Tunisia Libya Areas of potential levies

AREAS OF POTENTIAL LEVIES TO Continentale Intercalcaire aquifer Areas very sensitive to pumping and the rapid decline of artesianism Algeria Tunisia Areas of potential levies Libya DEBDEB – GHADAMES region: projected levies by the three countries accentuate the drawdowns

MICRO MODEL OF POPULARIZATION

RESULTS OF NEW SIMULATION ALGERIA LEVIES (in BILLION of m 3/year) WATER POINTS TUNISIA LIBYA Current (2000) 1. 5 0. 5 Additional (2050) 2. 5 0. 0 0. 8 Results SASS 6. 0 0. 7 1. 0 1200 1100 6500 NATIONAL RISKS SHARED

SASS OPPORTUNITY AND RISK MAP Tunisian outlet Syrte Chotts Artesian Basin Oued Mya Western Basin Jufrah

Workshop of ROME, 20 December 2002 Photo M. BESBES -What is the future of SASS at the end of this investigation phase? The problems encountered by the three SASS countries naturally lead them to organize together : The practice of partnership during the SASS project has forged mutual trust and the conviction that the exchange of information, which founds all solidarity, has become an activity not only possible but indispensable.

RESULTS OF THE SASS PROJE TRANSPARENCY AND CAPITALIZATION OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE DYNAMICS WITH SOLIDARITY FACE TO RISK CONCERTATION / TECHNICAL MECHANISM

RESULTS OF THE SASS PROJ PREVIOUS SITUATION • COMBINED COMMISSIONS • WILL OF DECISION-MAKERS FOR CONCERTATION • ABSENCE OF TECHNICAL DATA CURRENT SITUATION • TECHNICAL DATA • DIALOGUE TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR DECISION-MAKERS

SECOND PHASE OF THE 2003 - 2007 PROJEC

COMPONENTS OF THE SECOND PHASE Sub-Regional Models Specific Studies Socio-economic situation Environment Concertation Mechanism

SUB-REGIONAL MODELS Biskra region Djeffara Western Basin

SOCIAL ECONOMY • SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MODELED REGIONS • SASS BASIN IRRIGATION METHODS • TYPE OF CULTURE AND IMPACT IN THE SASS BASIN • LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENT § Water quality § Salinization of soils § Envionmental risks analysis § Risks to groundwater § Recharge area § Wet area

ENLARGEMENT TO OTHER PARTNERS - AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENT USERS LOCAL DECISION-MAKERS NGO Etc … FOR : CONTRIBUTION AWARENESS MEMBERSHIP

THIRD PHASE OF THE PROJECT 2008 - 2016

PRESSURE ON RESOURCE • GROWTH OF DEMAND: Populations: 5 million (2012) to 8 million (2030) - Irrigated areas: 300, 000 ha (2012) to 500, 000 ha (2030) • CLIMATE CHANGE : Rainfalls 20% (1970 – 2000)- temperature 1°C to 2°C (2050) – ETP 350 mm (2050) currently (2000 mm) • ABSENCE OF CONSERVATION : Losses in networks - Low efficiency of irrigation • SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS : Limit the conventional supply of water (more and more expensive) - excessive subsidies - low valuation of water • WATER TRANSFERS (demand in peripheral areas): 1950 400 water points 2012 16000 Water points R + T + ETP More and more levies Decrease in Water and Soil Resources (salinization) Need more energy / Conflict of use

Improved water productivity Socio-economic tools - 4, 500 surveys carried out I - Factors Affecting Water Productivity • Water price 100%, Water demand 60% and productivity 7 to 17 %, Double Salinity (2 à 4 g/l) , productivity between 67 and 80 % II - Systems that make the best use of water : Market gardening and Greenhouse cultivation systems The dense classical oasis system, and The Mainly Breeding System III – Low-productivity systems The Plein Champ (mainly Céréaliculture) Mainly tree crops and Scattered classical oasis systems Hydroeconomic model for choosing the cropping system by decision-makers : * Cost evaluation water pumping / salinization

Efficiency of irrigation Agricultural Demonstration Drivers Six agricultural demonstration pilots on a hectare scale on the following themes : • Drip irrigation • The setting up of underground drainage networks • The valorisation of unconventional waters (demineralized brackish) • The adaptation of a cultural calendar • The use of solar energy within the framework of a participatory management Ø Proven profitability at the scale of ha Ø The need for large-scale integration validation (Markets, regional structures, PPPs, etc. )

Examples of Results of the Demonstration Drivers 1, Drip irrigation: • Restoration of the Oasien System • Land use 50% Before 2, Underground drainage system + drip : • Decreased soil salinity • 100% increase in land use • 150% increase in yields 3, Irrigation with demineralised brackish water • Improved productivity (150%) • Improvement of farmers' incomes(100%) • Improvement of soil quality Before After

Impacts of climate change On the basis of 300 farm surveys The main impacts highlighted are: § Increasing scarcity of rainfall § An increase in the frequency of sandstorms § Degradation of the quality of water and soil resources § Degradation of some natural vegetation § An appearance of harmful insects The main adaptations focused on: § The abandonment of certain profitable but demanding crops § The introduction of livestock § The change in irrigation techniques Climate Change has aggravated the situation of agriculture

CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION Major Challenges Convincing decision-makers: - the limits of the Offer's policy - the need to limit or even reduce the levies - to strengthen the prerogatives of the consultation mechanism in place Investing in agriculture who ensures : - The economy of water (irrigation system, . . . ) - Soil protection (drainage systems) - Crop systems with better productivity Ensure sustainability in the context of water management by: - Tailored pricing - A Demand Management Policy Develop a Master Plan under the Coordination Mechanism

PROSPECT S

OBJECTIVES The objective of the project is to provide countries with technical and socio-economic elements to support the development of national agricultural policies based on efficient and sustainable use of groundwater in a context of adaptation to climate change and food insecurity. The aim is to implement on a large scale the approach to water use and the efficiency of its use in order to improve land productivity and the well-being of rural populations, particularly women and farmers. This objective is in line with the objectives of sustainable development goals (SDGs), in particular: SDG 1 Eradicate poverty in all its forms and around the world.

EXPECTED RESULTS The project will provide concrete and reliable the implementation of a sustainable demand management strategy with an adapted pricing structure improved water efficiency rehabilitation of degraded lands better soil protection against salinization better control of actual water withdrawals a valorization of unconventional waters (brackish waters and drainage waters) which constitute renewable water to reduce the overexploitation of fossil water in the basin the use of renewable energies (especially solar energy) the development of the Public-Private Partnership creation of jobs with a sedentarisation of populations a reduction in the work of women and children strengthening the role of the Consultative Mechanism A HYDRO-ECONOMIC MODEL APPLICABLE TO OTHER BASINS