REGIONAL HAZE AND VISIBILITY PROTECTION California Desert Air

REGIONAL HAZE AND VISIBILITY PROTECTION California Desert Air Work Group Conference Palm Springs, California November 6 -7, 2019

THREE TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED: v Regional Haze and federal program to Reduce Visibility Impairment v SIP Requirements and working with WRAP v Progress thus far and Next Steps Plume Blight and Regional Haze Clear View and good Visual Range at the Grand Canyon 2

HAZE primer: Federal Program Highlights 1977→ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 set National Goal: “…the prevention of any future, and the remedying of any existing, impairment of visibility in mandatory class I Federal areas which impairment results from manmade air pollution. ” 1980 → Federally-operated IMPROVE speciated PM monitors deployed nationwide (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) 1999 → Regional Haze Rule to achieve Natural Conditions by 2064 Every state submits Regional Haze SIP every 10 years 2005 → Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Rule Required controls of highest polluting source types 2017 → Regional Haze Rule Revisions Changed metric from Haziest Days to Most Impaired Days IMPROVE Monitor near Big Bear Lake for San Gorgonio and San Jacinto Wilderness Areas 3

HAZE primer: 156 Class I Areas in the United States • 29 federal Class I Areas in California, more than any other state • 118 are in the WRAP region • 17 IMPROVE monitors in California Natural Conditions goals are different at each monitoring location because geography matters! 4

HAZE primer: Haze and Visibility Impairment Fewer PARTICLES can mean. . . - less LIGHT EXTINCTION, - a lower DECIVIEW number, - longer VISUAL RANGE or BETTER VISIBILITY ! One DECIVIEW is calculated to be equivalent to a humanly perceptible change in view clarity. Source: EPA-456/F-06 -001, April 2006 • Human eye detects haze at particle concentrations lower than the health standards • Views range from pristine to very obscured throughout the year • Focus on days “Most Impaired” by anthropogenic emissions • Natural Visibility Goals are different at each Class I Area because geography matters 5

HAZE primer: Which Particles cause Haze? less haze more haze • Seven particulate matter species cause haze; each with different light extinction capability • Mass concentrations measured at monitors; then algorithm converts to total light extinction • Contributions from natural sources can be set aside using “extreme episodic events” process - Organic Carbon and Elemental Carbon are elevated during natural wildfires - Coarse Mass and Fine Soil are elevated during high wind events in dry regions California: • Natural Sources contribute to Organic Carbon Light Extinction • Nitrate and Sulfate contributions to Light Extinction elevated on Most Impaired Days - Both have strong light extinction capability - Both are primarily from anthropogenic emissions of precursor NOx and SOx 6

HAZE primer: Which are Most Impaired Days Haziest days in western U. S. dominated by natural emissions from extreme episodic events (e 3) • Set aside e 3 contributions High CM + FS wind? • Identify routine natural and routine anthropogenic contributions (EPA guidance) High OC + EC fire? • Rank days by highest light extinction due to anthropogenic contributions • Average deciview value for top quintile (MID) 2017 rule guidance: rank by routine anthropogenic contribution 1999 rule interpretation: poorest visibility (high deciview) due to natural emissions Average = 15. 9 dv Worst Haze Days Average = 12. 9 dv Most Impaired Days (MID) 7

HAZE primer: Glide Path to Natural Conditions Each State’s RH SIP sets Reasonable Progress Goals (RPGs) every 10 years Most Impaired Days Baseline Idealized “Uniform Glide Path”: State SIP must demonstrate why controls don’t achieve this Uniform Rate of Progress (URP) NATURAL CONDITIONS DECIVIEWS Most Impaired Days Average of Highest Quintile Clearest Days Baseline Conditions (must not be degraded) 2000 -2004 2018 2028 2038 2048 2058 2064 NATURAL CONDITIONS deciview goals in California for Most Impaired Days: PM 10 concentration ranges from 5 to 15 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m 3) 8

PLAN Process: Regional Haze Rule Requirements All State SIPs due July 31, 2021 • Strategy for second Planning Period (2018‐ 2028) • Emissions Inventory Base Year 2014 & 2028 Forecast ØMonitoring Data analysis for “Most Impaired Days” ØControls Evaluated (4 -factor analysis) • Model Reasonable Progress Goals (RPGs) for 2028 • Justify RPG and Glide Path • • • Progress Report (Visibility improvements baseline to present) Coordinate with other states (WRAP) Consult with Tribes Consult with Federal Land Management Agencies (FLMs) Public Review and CARB Hearing 9

PLAN Process: California Analyzes by “sub-regions” NORTHERN 3 monitors COASTAL 4 monitors SIERRA 6 monitors SOUTHERN 4 monitors Marble Mountain Wilderness Lava Beds National Monument South Warner Wilderness Thousand Lakes Wilderness Lassen Volcanic National Park Caribou Wilderness Yolla Bolly Middle Eel Wilderness Redwood National Park Point Reyes National Seashore Ventana Wilderness Pinnacles National Monument San Rafael Wilderness Desolation Wilderness Mokelumne Wilderness Emigrant Wilderness Hoover Wilderness Yosemite National Park Ansel Adams Wilderness Kaiser Wilderness John Muir Wilderness Kings Canyon National Park Sequoia National Park Dome Land Wilderness San Gabriel Wilderness Cucamonga Wilderness San Gorgonio Wilderness San Jacinto Wilderness Joshua Tree National Park Agua Tibia Shared similarities useful for planning and analysis purposes • Geography • Meteorology • Natural Setting and Natural Emissions • Influence from Anthropogenic Emissions 10

PLAN process: Reasonable Progress Analysis FIX Federal MAP Class I Areas and non-attainment areas requiring SIPs Identify all reasonable emission reductions to reduce haze; i. e. Decrease Deciview Average of Most Impaired Days • Coordinate with EXISTING emission reduction programs ‐ ‐ ‐ PM SIPs and RACM requirements Ozone RACT SIPs due August 3, 2021 Community Air Protection Program (AB 617) Mobile Source Controls Greenhouse Gas Reduction Program Area Source and Consumer Products measures • Four-Factor Control Analysis in Regional Haze Rule ‐ Costs of compliance ‐ Time necessary for compliance ‐ Energy and non‐air quality environmental impacts of compliance ‐ Remaining useful life of potentially affected sources • Applies to All Sources impacting Class I Area visibility 11

VISIBILITY: Progress & Next Steps MILES 12 -16 16 -22 22 -30 30 -40 40 -54 53 -73 73 -99 99 -133 12

VISIBILITY: Improvements in California VISUAL RANGE improves for all days during the first planning period ö HOOV (Great Basin) ‐ 228 kilometers ö AGTI (South Coast) ‐ 100% improvement ö SEQU (San Joaquin Valley) ‐ 40% improvement ö Average Visual Range in the Sierra & Northern California is about 100 miles ö Most improvement in Southern California ö Coastal views increased to over 60 miles 13

VISIBILITY: Case Study for NOx and SOx Controls MASS LIGHT EXTINCTION DECIVIEW NOx and SOx reductions in one year benefit Point Reyes National Seashore • Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Control modifications at one Bay Area refinery • Total Bay Area NOx + SOx emissions inventory decreased more than 6000 TPY • Nitrate and Sulfate Mass Concentrations decreased at PORE monitor • Light Extinction due to Nitrate and Sulfate decreased • Deciview Level decrease 1. 9 dv on Haziest Days • Visual Range improved almost 10% in one year 14

NEXT STEPS: Develop 2028 Visibility Goals • Interpretation of Monitoring Data 2019 • Control Strategy Development • Modeling Results • Demonstration of Reasonable Progress 2020 • Prepare Final Draft • Federal Land Managers Review 2021 • Public Review and Adoption 15

CONTACT & RESOURCE INFORMATION CARB Staff Lead: Christine. Suarez-Murias@arb. ca. gov (916) 323 -1495 WRAP website: https: //www. wrapair 2. org/reghaze. aspx U. S. EPA website: https: //www. epa. gov/visibility IMPROVE website: https: //vista. cira. colostate. edu/Improve/ 16