Regional alliances and Sharing Information for PFC research

Regional alliances and Sharing Information for PFC research - intergovernmental pertnership & cooperation - Takeshi Nakano, Osaka University Research Center for Environmental Preservation

47 prefectures in Japan 66 Env Sci Inst. located in local government

The begining cancer PFC Kansai area (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe) ｒiver, drinking, human : High level of PFC (PFOA) only PFOS/PFOA data 22 May 2007 Kobe News Paper Few data is available for precursors, source and emission industry

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) Decabromodiphenyl ether (c-deca. BDE)

PFOS/PFOA level PFOS/PFOA pollution enlargement globally PFOS Wild life ; white bear PFOS(1. 3～>4000 ng/g)、 PFOA(<2. 0～ 8. 6 ng/g) (2004, Martin et al) Environmental water and air PF O A Human serum PFOS(<1. 3～ 164 ng/ml)、 PFOA(<3～ 256 ng/ml) (2004, Kannan et al) Biota PFOS（<1～ 3680 ng/g） （2002, Kannan et al）

4 prefectures , 3 cities Joint research to collaborate between 7 Env Sci Inst. in Kansai region © 2008　Google

Environment Research and Technology Development Fund Purpose The Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (ERTDF) aims - to contribute to the preservation of the environment in Japan and around the world - to establish a sustainable society. It will achieve this by assembling the collective strength of researchers within Japan from a range of fields to promote survey research and technology development in a comprehensive manner from an academic and international perspective. Features The ERTDF was established by integrating the Global Environment Research Fund with the Environment Technology Development Fund in FY 2010 and the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research about Establishing a Sound Material-cycle Society in FY 2011. This has established a centralized contact-point, improving convenience for applicants. At the same time this move is expected to better facilitate cross-field research and development across multiple environmental fields

Environment Research and Technology Development Fund If you don't try, nothing happens. -　about 10 years ago The Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (ERTDF) was open on the web page. - we didn't know public offering started keyword was ‘Regional Cooperation’ and ‘Technology Development’ I got this information 10 days before the deadline. I have many friends and good relationship. deadline was 10 days later What can we do? what topics? object, senario, It's better to give up in this time. only 10 days.

Environment Research and Technology Development Fund I called on my friend Yagi, Yamamoto Osamu, Shibata, Tsuda, Hattori, Takahashi How do you think? They completely agree with me. We should collaborate intergovernmental research/survey/monitoring. and They asked When is the deadline? - 10 days later, woops If you don't try, nothing happens. Anyway, I started to establish our mailing list to discuss and sharing information for submission. Usually it's hard to harmonize all steps for governmental institute. We need get permission from our boss and Director of institute. They decided sub title of their research, and prepared material for submission. We have many steps for completing everything. It was very hard very high hurdle in front of us. Anyway we started to do something, we start and move just like a rolling stones. We didn't have i. Cloud at that time, but we started to make materials like a using i. Cloud.

Environment Research and Technology Development Fund I called on my friend Yagi, Yamamoto Osamu, Shibata, Tsuda, Hattori, Takahashi How do you think? They completely agree with me. We should collaborate intergovernmental research/survey/monitoring. and They asked When is the deadline? - 10 days later, woops If you don't try, nothing happens. Anyway, I started to establish our mailing list to discuss and sharing information for submission. Usually it's hard to harmonize all steps for governmental institute. We need get permission from our boss and Director of institute. They decided sub title of their research, and prepared material for submission. We have many steps for completing everything. It was very hard very high hurdle in front of us. Anyway we started to do something, we start and move just like a rolling stones. We didn't have i. Cloud at that time, but we started to make materials like a using i. Cloud.

Study on sources, environmental level, and treatment technology of Organofluoro compounds （Principal Investigator： Takeshi Nakano） Kinki Survey on the contaminations of PFOS and related PFs in Lake Biwa water (Shiga) A survey on pollution of organic PFCs in the area of Osaka Prefeture (Osaka pref. ) Evaluation of occurrence of PFOS, PFOS and related compounds around the manufacturing facility (Osaka city) Understanding of the source and evaluation of transboundary pollution of fluorotelomer compounds(FTs)） (Hyogo pref. ) Concentration levelof PFCs in coastal seawater in Kobe Survey of the PFCs level and the type of discharging industries (Kobe city) (Tokyo metro. ) Trend analysis of fluorosurfactants pollution by the archived samples in environmental specimen bank　　　　　　　(NIES) Sharing information / Discussion : mailing list Kanto

Environment Research and Technology Development Fund We need to complete also budget plan. - sampler, instrument, calculation of business trip, presentation in international symposium, etc, . Anyway I decided to buy all PFC standards which was available at that time. reported our joint research result If Ministry of Environment satisfy our report, we can continue our research to the next project. If no, it will be end.

FOCUS: PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS Wellington offers a comprehensive line of native and mass-labelled perfluorinated compounds PFCA PFBA PFPe. A PFHx. A PFHp. A PFOA T-PFOA PFNA ip. PFNA PFDA PFUd. A PFDo. A PFTr. DA PFTe. DA PFHx. DA PFODA P 3 MHp. A P 355 TMHx. A P 4 MOA P 37 DMOA M 3 PFBA M 3 PFPe. A M 5 PFPe. A MPFHx. A M 5 PFHx. A M 4 PFHp. A M 2 PFOA M 8 PFOA MPFNA M 9 PFNA MPFDA-A M 6 PFDA MPFUd. A M 7 PFUd. A MPFDo. A M 2 PFTe. DA M 2 PFHx. DA Product Name Perfluoro-n-butanoic acid Perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid Perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid Perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid Perfluoro-n-octanoic acid Technical Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate Perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid Perfluoro-7 -methyloctanoic acid Perfluoro-n-decanoic acid Perfluoro-n-undecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-dodecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-tridecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-tetradecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-hexadecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-octadecanoic acid Perfluoro-3 -methylheptanoic acid Perfluoro-3, 5, 5 -trimethylhexanoic acid Perfluoro-4 -methyloctanoic acid Perfluoro-3, 7 -dimethyloctanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[2, 3, 4 -13 C 3]butanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4 -13 C 4]butanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[3, 4, 5 -13 C 3]pentanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4, 5 -13 C 5]pentanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2 -13 C 2]hexanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4, 6 -13 C 5]hexanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4 -13 C 4]heptanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2 -13 C 2]octanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4 -13 C 4]octanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[13 C 8]octanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4, 5 -13 C 5]nonanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[13 C 9]nonanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2 -13 C 2]decanoic acid (in acetonitrile) Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 -13 C 6]decanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2 -13 C 2]undecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 -13 C 7]undecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2 -13 C 2]dodecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2 -13 C 2]tetradecanoic acid Perfluoro-n-[1, 2 -13 C 2]hexadecanoic acid linear branched 13 C-labelled PFAS L-PFPr. S L-PFBS L-PFPe. S L-PFHx. S br-PFHx. SK L-PFHp. S Na. P 3 MHp. S Na. P 6 MHp. S L-PFOSK br-PFOSK T-PFOS 8 Cl-PFOS L-PFNS ip. PFNS L-PFDo. S PFECHS M 3 PFBS MPFHx. S M 3 PFHx. S MPFOS M 8 PFOS Product Name Sodium perfluoro-1 -propanesulfonate Potassium perfluoro-1 -butanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -pentanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -hexanesulfonate L-PFHx. S with branched isomers (Potassium Salt) Sodium perfluoro-1 -heptanesulfonate Sodium Perfluoro-3 -methylheptanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-6 -methylheptanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonate Potassium perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonate L-PFOSK with branched isomers Potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (Technical Grade) Sodium 8 -chloroperfluoro-1 -octanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -nonanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-7 -methyloctanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -decanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -dodecanesulfonate Potassium perfluoro-4 -ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (isomeric mixture) Sodium perfluoro-1 -[2, 3, 4 -13 C 3]butanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -hexane[18 O 2]sulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -[1, 2, 3 -13 C 3]hexanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -[1, 2, 3, 4 -13 C 4]octanesulfonate Sodium perfluoro-1 -[13 C 8]octanesulfonate PFC-MXA PFS-MXA PFAC-MXB PFAC-MXD MPFAC-MXA Native PFCA Solution/Mixture Native PFAS Solution/Mixture Native PFCAs and PFASs Solution/Mixture Mass-Labelled PFCAs and PFASs Solution/Mixture PFC-CVS-C MPFAC-C-ES MPFAC-C-IS PFAC-MXC EPA-537 IS EPA-537 SS PFAC-24 PAR MPFAC-24 ES PFC-CVS-C Calibration Kit Mass-Labelled PFC Extraction Standards Solution Mass-Labelled PFC Injection Standards Solution Native PFC Stock Solution Internal Standard Primary Dilution Standard Surrogate Primary Dilution Standard Native PFAS Precision and Recovery Standard Solution Mass-Labelled PFAS Extraction Standard Solution P 1 MHp. S P 3 MHp. S P 4 MHp. S P 5 MHp. S P 6 MHp. S P 55 DMHx. S P 44 DMHx. S P 45 DMHx. S Perfluoro-1 -methylheptane sulfonate Perfluoro-3 -methylheptane sulfonate; Perfluoro-3 -methylheptanoic acid Perfluoro-4 -methylheptane sulfonate; Perfluoro-4 -methylheptanoic acid Perfluoro-5 -methylheptane sulfonate; Perfluoro-5 -methylheptanoic acid Perfluoro-6 -methylheptane sulfonate; Perfluoro-6 -methylheptanoic acid Perfluoro-5, 5 -dimethylhexane sulfonate; Perfluoro-5, 5 -dimethylhexanoic acid Perfluoro-4, 4 -dimethylhexane sulfonate; Perfluoro-4, 4 -dimethylhexanoic acid Perfluoro-4, 5 -dimethylhexane sulfonate; Perfluoro-4, 5 -dimethylhexanoic acid; Perfluoro-3, 5 -dimethylhexane sulfonate; Perfluoro-3, 5 -dimethylhexanoic acid

FOCUS: PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS FOSA/FOSE/FOSAA FOSA-I N-Me. FOSA-M N, N-Me 2 FOSA-M N-Et. FOSA-M M 8 FOSA-I d-N-Me. FOSA-M d-N-Et. FOSA-M Product Name Perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamide N-methylperfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamide N, N-dimethylperfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamide N-ethylperfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamide Perfluoro-1 -[13 C 8]octanesulfonamide N-methyl-d 3 -perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamide N-ethyl-d 5 -perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamide N-Me. FOSE-M N-Et. FOSE-M d 7 -N-Me. FOSE-M d 9 -N-Et. FOSE-M 2 -(N-methylperfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamido)-ethanol 2 -(N-methyl-d 3 -perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamido)ethan-d 4 -ol 2 -(N-ethyl-d 5 -perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamido)ethan-d 4 -ol FOSAA N-Me. FOSAA N-Et. FOSAA d 3 -N-Me. FOSAA d 5 -N-Et. FOSAA Perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamidoacetic acid N-methylperfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamidoacetic acid N-methyl-d 3 -perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamidoacetic acid N-ethyl-d 5 -perfluoro-1 -octanesulfonamidoacetic acid OP-PFCs PFHx. PA PFOPA PFDPA Cl-PFHx. PA Cl-PFOPA Product Name Perfluorohexylphosphonic acid Perfluorooctylphosphonic acid Perfluorodecylphosphonic acid 6 -Chloroperfluorohexylphosphonic acid 8 -Chloroperfluorooctylphosphonic acid 6: 6 PFPi 6: 8 PFPi 8: 8 PFPi Sodium bis(perfluorohexyl)phosphinate Sodium perfluorohexylperfluorooctylphosphinate Sodium bis(perfluorooctyl)phosphinate 6: 2 PAP 8: 2 PAP 6: 2 di. PAP 8: 2 di. PAP 6: 2/8: 2 di. PAP SAm. PAP di. SAm. PAP M 2 -6: 2 PAP M 2 -8: 2 PAP M 4 -6: 2 di. PAP M 4 -8: 2 di. PAP Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorooctylphosphate Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecylphosphate Sodium bis(1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorooctyl)phosphate Sodium bis(1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecyl)phosphate Sodium (1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorooctyl-1 H, 1 H. 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecyl)phosphate Sodium 2 -(N-ethylperfluorooctane-1 -sulfonamido)ethyl phosphate Sodium bis-[2 -(N-ethylperfluorooctane-1 -sulfonamido)ethyl] phosphate Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-[1, 2 -13 C 2]perfluorooctylphosphate Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-[1, 2 -13 C 2]perfluorodecylphosphate Sodium bis(1 H, 2 H, 2 H-[1, 2 -13 C 2]perfluorooctyl)phosphate Sodium bis(1 H, 2 H, 2 H-[1, 2 -13 C 2]perfluorodecyl)phosphate Telomer PFAS FBET 5: 2 s. FTOH FHET 7: 2 s. FTOH FOET FDET MFBET MFHET M 2 FHET MFOET M 2 FOET MFDET Product Name 2 -Perfluorobutyl ethanol (4: 2) 1 -Perfluoropentyl ethanol (5: 2 secondary) 2 -Perfluorohexyl ethanol (6: 2) 1 -Perfluoroheptyl ethanol (7: 2 secondary) 2 -Perfluorooctyl ethanol (8: 2) 2 -Perfluorodecyl ethanol (10: 2) 2 -Perfluorobutyl-[1, 1, 2, 2 -2 H 4]-ethanol (4: 2) 2 -Perfluorohexyl-[1, 1 -2 H 2]-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanol (6: 2) 2 -Perfluorohexyl-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanol (6: 2) 2 -Perfluorooctyl-[1, 1 -2 H 2]-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanol (8: 2) 2 -Perfluorooctyl-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanol (8: 2) 2 -Perfluorodecyl-[1, 1 -2 H 2]-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanol (10: 2) FHEA FOEA FDEA FPr. PA FPe. PA FHp. PA FTA-MXA MFHEA MFOEA MFDEA MFTA-MXA FHUEA FOUEA FDUEA MFHUEA MFOUEA MFDUEA 2 -Perfluorohexyl ethanoic acid (6: 2) 2 -Perfluorooctyl ethanoic acid (8: 2) 2 -Perfluorodecyl ethanoic acid (10: 2) 3 -Perfluoropropyl propanoic acid (3: 3) 3 -Perfluoropentyl propanoic acid (5: 3) 3 -Perfluoroheptyl propanoic acid (7: 3) Native FTA Solution/Mixture 2 -Perfluorohexyl-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanoic acid (6: 2) 2 -Perfluorooctyl-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanoic acid (8: 2) 2 -Perfluorodecyl-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-ethanoic acid (10: 2) Mass-Labelled FTA Solution/Mixture 2 H-Perfluoro-2 -octenoic acid (6: 2) 2 H-Perfluoro-2 -decenoic acid (8: 2) 2 H-Perfluoro-2 -dodecenoic acid (10: 2) 2 H-Perfluoro-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-2 -octenoic acid (6: 2) 2 H-Perfluoro-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-2 -decenoic acid (8: 2) 2 H-Perfluoro-[1, 2 -13 C 2]-2 -dodecenoic acid (10: 2) Na. DONA 9 Cl-PF 3 ONS 11 Cl-PF 3 OUd. S HFPO-DA Sodium dodecafluoro-3 H-4, 8 -dioxanonanoate Potassium 9 -chlorohexadecafluoro-3 -oxanonane-1 -sulfonate Potassium 11 -chloroeicosafluoro-3 -oxaundecane-1 -sulfonate 2, 3, 3, 3 -Tetrafluoro-2 -(1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 -heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (Gen. X) 2, 3, 3, 3 -Tetrafluoro-2 -(1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 -heptafluoropropoxy)-13 C 3 -propanoic acid M 3 HFPO-DA 4: 2 FTS 6: 2 FTS 8: 2 FTS 10: 2 FTS M 2 -4: 2 FTS M 2 -6: 2 FTS M 2 -8: 2 FTS Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorohexane sulfonate (4: 2) Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorooctane sulfonate (6: 2) Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorodecane sulfonate (8: 2) Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluorododecane sulfonate (10: 2) Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluoro-1 -[1, 2 -13 C 2]hexane sulfonate (4: 2) Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluoro-1 -[1, 2 -13 C 2]octane sulfonate (6: 2) Sodium 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-perfluoro-1 -[1, 2 -13 C 2]decane sulfonate (8: 2) 8: 2 FTOAc 10: 2 FTOAc 8: 2 FTAcr 10: 2 FTAcr 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-Perfluorodecyl acetate 1 H, 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-Perfluorodecyl acrylate 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-Perfluorododecyl acrylate

FOCUS: PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS PFC Reference and Handling Guides are available on our web-site www. well-labs. com

MS/MS condition (PFOA) m/z = 369 F F F F m/z = 413 F F O O F F F O O F - F F F F m/z = 169 F F F F O O F

LC column particle size 1970’s- 40µm pellicular non-porous coated 100 -500 psi 1000 /m 1 m column 1975 - 10µm Irregular micro-porous 1000 -2500 psi 25, 000 /m 3. 9 x 300 mm 10 min 1980’s- 3. 5 - 5µm 10 min spherical micro-porous 1500 -4000 psi 50, 000 - 80, 000 /m 3. 9 x 300 mm 10 min Ezaki (Waters), 2009

Method transfer HPLC / 18 min cycle UPLC / 1. 3 min cycle Ezaki (Waters), 2009

PFASs

PFASs (C 4 -C 10) 5 ng/L L-PFDS : 2. 92 min L-PFOS : 2. 39 min L-PFHp. S : 2. 10 min L-PFHx. S : 1. 81 min L-PFBS : 1. 24 min C 6 C 4 Ezaki (Waters), 2009 C 7 C 8 C 10

PFCAs

PFCAs (C 3 -C 14) C 8 C 7 C 3 C 5 C 4 C 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 6 Ezaki (Waters), 2009 C 14

PFCAs (C 4 -C 8) 5 ng/L C 8 C 7 C 6 C 5 C 4 PFOA : 1. 34 min PFHp. A : 1. 09 min PFHx. A : 0. 90 min PFPe. A : 0. 77 min PFBA : 0. 67 min Ezaki (Waters), 2009

PFCAs (C 9 -C 14) 5 ng/L C 14 PFTe. DA : 2. 90 min C 13 PFTr. DA : 2. 67 min C 12 PFDo. A : 2. 41 min C 11 PFUd. A : 2. 14 min C 10 PFDA : 1. 87 min PFNA : 1. 59 min C 9 Ezaki (Waters), 2009

PFC pollution in Lake Biwa water (Shiga Prefecture) PFOS/PFOA level in river water

Evaluation of emimssion from manufacturing / use site, and environmental survey (Osaka prefecture) 安威川 名神高速道路 阪急京都線 (2007年 11 -2010年 2月) 調査事例 東海道線 230 阪急千里線 新御堂筋 ⑦ 230 170 ③ 国道 176号線 530 ⑫ ⑬ 260 ⑥ ⑤ ⑧ ④ ① 16 東海道新幹線 ② 540 -1, 400 ⑨ 1, 300 31, 000 12, 000 ⑪ ⑩ 26, 000 淀川 150, 000 32, 000 310 ⑭ 京阪本線 (ng/L) 　　river under ground 3. 0

Evaluation of emimssion from manufacturing / use site, and environmental survey (Osaka prefecture) Level of atmospheric telomers 地点 1 地点 2 地点 3 地点 4 地点 5

Evaluation of emimssion from manufacturing / use site, and environmental survey (Osaka city) 10μg/L 10 ng/L 1 ng/L PFOS PFOA PFHx. A 100 ng/L

n-PFOS 6 m-S 35 m 2 -S 44 m 2 -S 24 m 2 -S 1 m-S 3 m-S 4 m-S 55 m 2 -S Evaluation of emimssion from manufacturing / use site, and environmental survey (Osaka city) 共通分析試料A 分析試料B Isomer specific analysis for PFOS

Understanding emission source profile of fluorocarbon telomer and evaluation of transboundary pollution (Hyogo prefecture) Fluorine-based water and oil repellents are considered as one of the sources. →Headspace-GC/MS water and oil repellents 8: 2 FTOH Before After 8: 2 FTOlefin

Understanding emission source profile of fluorocarbon telomer and evaluation of transboundary pollution (Hyogo prefecture) QF Simultaneous analysis for PUF PFCAs/PFASs/telomers ACF× 2 - emission source profile PUF High volume air sampler - back trajectory analysis - transboundary pollution gas particle gas

PFCs pollution in the Kobe area from Osaka. Bay (Kobe City) Trend of PFCs in surface water of Kobe coastal area PFOA PFHx. A

PFCs and actual factory of use (Tokyo metropolitan) 非鉄金属製造業排水　 PFOS： 240 ng/L PFNA： 140 ng/L ：下水処理場 輸送用機械製造業排水　 PFNA： 280 ng/L 流入水 B処理場放流水中　　　　　 PFOA濃度（ng/L） 170～ 190　→ 20 （17年度）（20年度） ：高濃度排出事業所 A処理場放流水中　　　　 PFOS濃度（ng/L） 　　810 → 18～ 19 　(19年度）（20年度） A処理場 C処理場 放流水 B処理場 E処理場 流入水 一部研究機関排水（21年度）　 PFNA：最大 6, 200 ng/L D処理場 F処理場 多摩川 Load from sewage treatment plant to Tama river → Both PFOS and PFOA decrease drastically after regulation effect accompanying reduction countermeasure

Dragonfly monitoring Yoshikane, Shibata et al (NIES)

Insect-eating species Butterfly Grasshopper Dragonfly Mantis Yoshikane, Shibata et al (NIES) Lizard Spider

Yoshikane, Shibata et al (NIES)

PFC monitoring in land area using drogonfly (2009, NIES)