Regents Review Observation and inference Observation Something you

Regents Review

Observation and inference • Observation • Something you directly see, taste, hear, smell, touch • “The rock is black and shiny” • Inference • A conclusion you make based on your observations • “The rock is igneous” • THE TRICKY PART If you measure something, it’s an observation • “The pencil is 6 inches” “The rock is 6 g”

Scientific notation • Convert the following to scientific notation 1. 14, 000 = 1. 4 x 104 1. . 00123 = 1. 2 x 10 -3 • Convert the following back to normal notation 1. 2. 3 x 104 = 23, 000 2. 3. 6 x 10 -3 = 0. 0036

Density • Units g/cm 3 • M=D/V • Density does not change if you break something into smaller pieces, or change the shape (SAME STUFF=SAME DENSITY) • Density DOES change if you heat it and it expands • (expands=stuff is more spread out=less dense

Relationships • As size increases, density_____ (meaning, if you have different sized pieces of the same stuff) • As an object expands due to heating, density ______

Volume • Either L x W x H or:

examples 3. 5 g/cm 1. D= 3. D=4 5. D= 10 M= 7 M= 12 M= 40 3 3 3 cm 4 cm V= 14 V= 2. D= 8 4. D= 4 g/cm 3 6. D=5 M= 16 g M= 32 M= 25 g V= 2 V= 8 V=5

Determining Density From a Graph 7 6 Clay 5 4 Water 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Earth’s shape and latitude

Important lines of latitude North pole: 900 N South pole 900 s Tropic of cancer 23 ½ 0 N Tropic of Capricorn 23 ½ 0 S Arctic Circle 66 ½ 0 N Antarctic Circle 66 ½ 0 S New York State: 420

Polaris • In the northern hemisphere, your latitude equals the altitude of polaris. • This shows the earth has a curved surface.

The Earth is an Oblate Spheroid • Slightly flattened at the equator, bulging at the poles • You weigh less at the equator • The equatorial diameter is bigger • Than the polar diameter • BUT it still looks round, like it always did

Rotation • Coriolis • Star trails • Foucault pendulum

Sun’s Path • The sun still rises in the East and sets in the West, like it always did • You look south to see the sun in Northern Hemisphere Opposite in southern hemisphere

Celestial sphere

Where the sun rises and sets DATE LATITUDE OF (APPROXIMATE SUN'S DIRECT ) RAYS Sept. 23 Equator (Autumnal (0°) Equinox) DIRECTION OF ALTITUDE OF SUNRISE AND NOON SUNSET LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT Rises due East Sets due West 48° 12 hours December 21 (Winter Solstice) Tropic of Capricorn (23. 5°S) Rises in South East Sets in South West 24. 5° (lowest) 8 hours (shortest day) March 21 (Vernal Equinox) Equator (0°) Rises due East Sets due West 48° 12 hours 71. 5° (highest) 16 hours ( longest day) June 21 (Summer Solstice) Rises in North Tropic of Cancer East (23. 5°N) Sets in North West

Time of day

Shadows • Point north • Get shorter when the sun is higher • Longer when sun is lower

Seasons • Due to the tilt of the earth • More direct rays in summer. Direct= hotter • We are closer to the sun in the winter

What Season?

Relationships As intensity of insolation inc, temp___ As angle of insolation inc, temp_____ As angle inc, shadow length______ As latitude increases, intensity/angle of insolation____ • As the sun goes from A to B to C, what happens to Intensity of insolation? • •

Astronomy

• All planets revolve around the Sun in an elliptical Elliptical orbits orbit. • Eccentricity is a number that represents how round an orbit is • Eccentricity of a circle is zero An ellipse is an oval • The highest number is 1 (very oval or very eccentric) e=0 e=. 5 e=. 8

e=D/L (“dots over line”) • D=distance between the foci • L= length of the major axis • In a planetary orbit, one the focal points is always a star. The sun is one of our foci. d foci L Major axis

• As a the earth gets closer to the sun, orbital velocity____ • As an object gets closer, its apparent diameter _____ • As the sun gets older, the amount of hydrogen in its core_____and helium______

Orbital velocity

The Moon • Phases are caused by revolution of the moon around the earth and our changing view of the “lit up” part • Wax on, wan off • The moon’s period of rotation and revolution are the same-27 days but It takes 29 ½ days for the moon to go through all it’s phases • We always see the same side of the moon because it rotates and revolves at the same rate • 50% of the moon is always lit up by the sun • The moon does not create it’s own light- it is reflected from the sun

Moon Phases • • Due to revolution Be able to interpret diagram Waxing (going into a full moon) Waning (going into a new moon) Why do we see phases? What positions (crescent and gibbous) When would we see an eclipse?

The Sun • Fueled by fusion of hydrogen to helium • So as it gets older…? • The sun is a medium sized star

Life cycle of stars • The size of stars matter- big stars explode, smaller stars turn into a red giant then cool into a white dwarf.

You Are here Or here…

H-R Diagram

Doppler effect • Things moving toward you-shortens wavelength-blue shift • Things moving away from you –lengthens wavelength-red shift • Universe is expanding- Everything is moving away • Red-receding • Blue- to you

Weather • Hot air rises: creates low pressure after it rises, it expands, cools, sinks • Cold air sinks: creates high pressure • After it sinks, it contracts and warms

Air masses • • • Take on characteristics of where they form Over land- dry-continental Over ocean- humid-maritime Where it’s cold-polar Where it’s warm-tropical c. T, m. T, c. P, m. P

Wind • Wind blows from high to low (pressure)

Sea Breeze (Winds are named by where they come FROM) • During day, land heats up faster. (lower specific heat) • Hot air rises over land. • (low pressure!) • Cooler air from ocean comes in to replace it. • DAY=wind from ocean=seabreeze

Land Breeze • Water holds heat longer. (high specific heat) • At night, the air over the water is warmer, so is less dense. • As this air rises, air from the land comes in to replace it. • NIGHT=wind from land=land breeze

Planetary wind belts • Weather moves from West to East at our latitude

Pressure • As temp inc, pressure dec • As moisture increases, pressure decreases

Highs and lows • Cooler and drier air generally exerts higher pressure. Warm, moist air generally exerts lower pressure. • High- blows clockwise and outward • Low- blows counterclockwise and inward

• • High=nice Low= not so nice Warm air holds more moisture Sinking air warms, so clouds evaporate Rising air cools, so clouds form

Dewpoint: temp at which water condenses • If dewpoint= air temp? • IT WILL PRECIPITATE • If dewpoint gets closer to air temp? • MORE HUMID

Finding dewpoint and RH with a psychrometer. • • • Water will evaporate faster when it is dry out. This will affect the difference in temperature between wet and dry bulb Look up dry bulb temp CELSIUS on left hand side of the chart Look up DIFFERENCE between wet and dry bulb on the top. Record the number

REFERENCE TABLES Convert the following: 1012. 0 mb= ____in 29. 70 in = ____mb 1024 mb= ____in 30. 30 in= ____mb

Fronts • Precipitation happens at the front, where 2 air masses meet • In front of a warm front, at a cold front

Types of fronts • Cold( front of the cold air) of the air) Occluded- cold front catches up to a warm front Warm(Front warm

Station model • If dewpoint and air temp are close-precip. Likely • Pressure: less than 500, put a 9 • More than 500, put a 10

Relationships • • As altitude inc, temp_____ As latitude inc, temp_____ As air expands, temp____pressure_____ As air temp approaches dewpoint, likelihood of precipitation_____ • As the temperature of an air mass inc, its ability to hold moisture ______so its relative humidity____ • As the amount of water vapor inc, pressure____

Climate Affected by: 1. Latitude: as latitude inc, yearly temp_______ 2. Altitude: As altitude inc, temp_____ 3. Nearness to large bodies of water: Has a moderating effect on temp. -Near coast: less drastic temp changes Warmer winters, cooler summers -Inland: more drastic Colder winters, warmer summers 4. Ocean currents 5. Land use 6. Mountain ranges

The Water Cycle

Factors that affect infiltration • Slope: As slope increases, infiltration _____ • Porosity: % air space – Affected by Shape, packing, sorting, not size! • • • Permeability : Capillarity Land use Vegetation Saturation Temperature