Regents Format l 50 Multiple Choice Questions l

Regents Format l 50 Multiple Choice Questions l 1 Thematic Essay l 1 DBQ l 8 – 12 Scaffolding Questions l 3 Hours l You must stay for 2 hours l Essay and docs in blue or black pen l Multiple choice in pencil

Questions l Questions 1 – 40 (approx) are chronological l Questions 40 – 50 are random l Maps, charts, graphs, quotes, and passages make up to 15 questions l 30 (or so) questions from Global 10

Needs l 2 Pencils l Blue or Black Pens l Essay in pen l Sign your name l Eat breakfast l Sleep

Card #1: Social Studies/Early People l Nomads/Hunter-Gatherers – people who moved from place to place and followed food sources l Neolithic Revolution – beginning of farming, permanent settlements, and domesticated animals l River Valleys – Cradle of Civilization, fertile land

Card #1: Early People/History l Culture/Cultural Diffusion l Civilization – governments, writing, laws, architecture l Primary Source – first hand account l Economist – Money l Anthropologist – Studies people l Archaeologist – Studies artifacts

Card #2 – China/Yellow River l Huang He (Yellow) River – “River of Sorrows”; loess makes it yellow and fertile l Dynastic Cycle – leader rules until he loses the Mandate of Heaven l Written language

Card #3 – Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates Rivers l Rivers flood and leave behind fertile silt l Major city-state: Sumer; l Also known as Fertile Crescent l Modern day Iraq l Polytheistic. Built temples called ziggurats l System of writing was cuneiform

Card #3 – Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (cont) Babylonians: l Hammurabi – written system of laws; l unequal for poor l “an eye for an eye”

Card #4 – Egypt: Nile River l Hieroglyphics – system of writing l Papyrus - paper l Contributions: science, medicine, math, pyramids l Advanced Civilization l Pharaoh l Polytheism

Card #5: Classical Greece l l l Located on Mediterranean Sea; Greeks became skilled seafarers Geography: Many small islands and mountains led to disunity among Greeks and creation of independent city-states Sparta: militaristic Athens: education, culture and first direct democracy Athens was a limited democracy (only adult, land owning male citizens could vote) Philosophy in Athens: Socrates, Plato

Card #5: Classical Greece (cont) Alexander the Great: l created a large empire and culture that included Greek, Indian, Persian, and Egyptian cultures l Became known as Hellenistic Culture l Advancements in science, math, architecture (GOLDEN AGE)

Card #6: Classical Rome l l l Rome begins as a Republic: government officials chosen by the people Social Classes: Patricians (rich) and Plebeians (poor) The Senate was the governing body 12 Tables – written laws (compare with…) Rome becomes an empire Pax Romana – period of peace in the Roman Empire (led by Augustus Caesar)

Card #6: Classical Rome l Roman Impact: Laws, architecture, roads, aqueducts, Greco-Roman culture l Bread and Circus – gladiator fights l Fall of Rome: corruption, invasions, high taxes l Rome is divided into two parts to make it more manageable (western empire called Rome, eastern called Byzantine)

Card #7: Byzantine Empire The Roman Empire is split because it is too large l The western part was Rome and the eastern part was Byzantine l Byzantine preserved Roman culture and laws with Justinian’s Code of Laws (compare with…) l Greatly influenced Russia’s alphabet (Cyrillic) and religion (Orthodox Christianity) l

Card #8 – Trading Routes l Silk Road (China) stretched up to 4000 miles– cultural diffusion l Phoenicians – Mediterranean trading empire. Contribution - alphabet l Zheng He (China) – sea trade. Canton, China became trading center

Card #9 – Christianity and Judaism l Monotheistic l Ten Commandments – written laws, moral and ethical code of conduct l Torah – Jewish holy book, half of the Christian Bible (Old Testament) l Important people: Jesus, Moses

Card #10 - Islam l Monotheistic l God: Allah l Founder: Muhammad l Holy City – Mecca l Holy Book – Koran (Qu’ran)

Islam (cont) l 5 Pillars of Islam – Faith – in one God l Prayer – 5 X per day facing Mecca l Fasting – one month during daylight l Pilgrimage (hajj) – to Mecca once in your life l Alms (Charity) – to the less fortunate l

Card #11 – Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism: l Caste system: social class system with no mobility l Reincarnation – rebirth. Which caste determined by karma (actions in life; can be good or bad) and dharma (moral and religious duties) l Moksha – enlightenment; end of reincarnation

Card #11: Hinduism and Buddhism (cont) Buddhism l Founder: Siddhartha Guatama l Reincarnation (same as Hindu) l Nirvana: enlightenment; end of reincarnation (same as moksha)

Card #11: Hinduism and Buddhism (cont) Buddhist Holy Laws l Four Noble Truths Suffering exists because of desire. No desire, no suffering l Eightfold Path – The way to avoid suffering l

Card #12: Other Religions Confucianism (China): l Everyone has a duty or responsibility based on their position in life l 5 Relationships: Inferior must serve superior l Filial Piety: Respect for parents l Basis for civil service exams in China

Card #12: Other Religions (cont) Shinto and Animism l Spirits exist in everything l Worship of nature

Card #13: Islamic Civilization Golden Age: l preserved Greco-Roman culture l Learning: algebra, medicine, architecture

KING LORDS VASSALS KNIGHTS SERFS

Card #14: Medieval Europe l l l Feudalism (MANORIALISM) – social and political system where everyone had a responsibility to someone else All lived on a manor; self-sufficient Lords owned land, knights protected it (chivalry), serfs worked the land Church was very powerful Black Plague killed many; spread thru trade

Card #15: The Crusades l Pope asks Christians to take back the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims l They go because: promised heaven, gain land, excitement, escape feudalism l Christians win at first, but can’t keep Jerusalem l Effects: trade, new products, learning, cultural diffusion, feudalism ends

Card #16 - Japan EMPEROR SHOGUN DAIMYO SAMURAI PEASANTS

Card #16 - Japan l Borrow culture from Korea and China l Feudalism l Daimyo = Lord l Samurai = Knight l Bushido = Chivalry

Card #17 - Mongols

Card #17 - Mongols l Unified by Genghis Khan l Warriors on horseback; nomads l Very large empire l Pax Mongolia: stability and peace l Marco Polo: traveled and wrote about time with Mongols in China

Card #18: West African Civs

Card #18: West African Civs l Mali, Ghana, Songhai engaged in salt and gold trade through the Sahara l Timbuktu: center of learning and trade l Mansa Musa: spread Islam

Card #19: Renaissance

Card #19: Renaissance l l l l Begins in Italy b/c of ports, patrons who pay for art Humanism: focus on the individual and present life Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel, David Da Vinci: Renaissance Man Shakespeare: sonnets, plays Machiavelli: wrote The Prince, gain and keep power at any cost Printing press: invented by Gutenberg; increased literacy and spread ideas

Card #20 – Protestant Reformation Martin Luther posts the 95 Theses complaining about the Church, specifically the sale of indulgences, or pardons for sins l Protestants: Christian religions that “protested” the Catholic Church l John Calvin: Calvinism; predestination (your path in life is already chosen) l King Henry VIII created Anglican Church, or Church of England l

Card #21: Counter (Catholic) Reformation l Catholic Church reforms to win back followers by holding the Council of Trent l Reformation leads to disunity in religion in Europe

Card #22: Spain/Portugal l Use of sailing technology such as the compass, astrolabe, and caravel allows Spain and Portugal explore l Dias and da Gama sail to and around the tip of Africa l Columbus sails to “India” l New trade routes created l Spanish conquistadors

Card #22: Spain/Portugal

Card #23 - Mesoamerica

Aztecs l Mexico City l Advanced Civilization – architecture, science, math, calendar l Polytheistic l Chinampas – floating gardens (adapting to environment)

Maya

Maya l Mexico (Yucatan Peninsula) l Advanced Civilization

Inca

Inca l Andes Mts, Peru, South America l Terrace Farming on mountains (adapting to environment) l City Planning – roads

Card #24: Exploration l Conquistadors: Pizarro (Inca) and Cortes (Aztec) l Encomienda System: social class system of Spanish America based on place of origin

Card #24: Exploration (cont) l Native Americans die out due to disease l Triangular Slave Trade: African slaves for raw materials for finished products l Columbian Exchange: global exchange of food, people, ideas, etc l Mercantilism: nations should export more than they import, and the colonies should help

Card #24: Exploration

Card #25: Absolutism l Absolute Monarch – complete control over a nation l Divine Right – authority to rule from God l Louis XIV (France): “The Sun King” – “I am the state. ” l Peter the Great (Russia): westernize; wanted a warm water port

Card #25: Absolutism (cont) England: Responses to Absolutism l Magna Carta, Glorious Revolution, and the English Bill of Rights: led to England becoming a limited monarchy

Card #26: Scientific Revolution l Scientific Method - experiment l Copernicus – heliocentric model l Galileo – Telecope l Newton – Gravity l Observation, inquiry, experimentation

Card #27: Enlightenment l Question, reason, democracy l Locke – natural rights (life, liberty, and property) l Montesquieu – separation of powers and checks and balances l Voltaire – free speech l Effects: American Rev, French Rev

Card #28: French Rev/Napoleon l Causes: Enlightenment, American Rev, Inequality l 3 rd Estate: High taxes, no say in gov’t l Bastille – symbolic of the revolution l Declaration of Rights of Man l Robespierre – Reign of Terror

Card #28: French Rev/Napoleon l Napoleon – Napoleonic Code (equality), large empire, defeat in Russia l Congress of Vienna – gave Napoleon’s land back to previous monarchs

Card #29: Latin American Revolutions l Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar: independence leaders/nationalists/revolutionaries l Spanish America: Encomienda system. Peninsulares (pure Spanish blood) on top

Card #29: Latin American Revolutions

Card #30: Nationalism l Italy: Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini are nationalists/unifiers l Germany: Otto von Bismarck (OVB) used blood and iron to unify German speaking people

Card #31: Industrial Revolution l Caused by agricultural revolution and population explosion Effects l Urbanization (increase population in cities), child labor laws, improved living standards, better and faster products, rise of the middle class and big business

Card #31: Industrial Revolution (cont) Karl Marx (Marxism): The lower class (the have nots or the proletariat) will revolt against the factory owners (haves or the bourgeoisie) in an uprising that will spread across the world. History is based on social class struggles. l Adam Smith (Capitalism/Market Economy/Laissez Faire): prices set by supply and demand; consumers have choices l

Card #31: Industrial Revolution (cont) l Laissez Faire: gov’t stays out of people’s economic affairs l Example: Irish potato crop fails; many die, many migrate to America

Card #32: Imperialism Caused by: l racism (White Man’s Burden: a poem that spoke of the inferiority of the Africans) l Desire for natural resources l Missionaries Berlin Conference – Africa divided up by European powers

Card #32: Imperialism l China: Boxer Rebellion/Opium Wars were fought to get rid of foreign influence. Spheres of influence were trading areas foreign powers

Card #32: Imperialism (cont) India: Received technology and modernization but also suffered greatly. Sepoy Rebellion – fight against disrespect of Indian culture (compare with…)

Card #33: Meiji Restoration l Japan was isolationist, but the West wanted to trade with them l Matthew Perry arrives and forces them to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa l Meiji Restoration – Shogun is taken out and Emperor Meiji modernizes, westernizes, and industrializes Japan l Trade increases and Japan gains colonies

Card #34: World War I Causes: l Nationalism: Serbia wanted their independence from Austria. A nationalist assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. Hungary. l This area was called the Powder Keg because it could blow at any minute l Militarism: Germany built up their military l Alliances: Triple Alliance (Central Powers) and Triple Entente (Allies)

Card #34: World War I (cont. ) l Trenches, technology (tanks, machine gun, poison gas), total war (all of the nation’s resources went to the war effort) l US enters due to unrestricted sub warfare l Russia exits due to Russian Revolution l Treaty of Versailles: Blame, reparations, lost land military for Germany, new nations created, League of Nations

Card #35: Russian Revolution l Czar is a totalitarian ruler Causes of revolution: l World War I, Bloody Sunday

Card #35: Russian Revolution March Revolution: Czar out; Temporary Gov’t set up; they fail b/c they stay in WWI l November Revolution: Bolsheviks (communists), led by Lenin, take over l Peasants support them b/c they promise “Peace, land, and Bread” l Set up a command economy (communism) where the state controls everything l

Card #35: Russian Rev (cont) l Stalin takes over and focuses on industry (5 year plan) and agriculture (combining small farms into state run collective farms) l Causes mass starvation and kills those who oppose him l Great Purge – fake trials and imprisonment (in Gulags) or killing of opposition

Card #36: Rise of Fascism l Fascism uses extreme nationalism, terror and censorship l Germany: facing hyperinflation, desperation, and anger after WWI, Hitler is able to gain power l Italy: Mussolini gains power l The Allies and League of Nations appease Hitler by letting him take over countries with no consequences

Card #37: World War II Causes: l Appeasement (Munich Conference) l German and Axis Powers aggression (Poland was the last straw) Major Events: l Pearl Harbor, Stalingrad (cold in Russia), Invasion of Normandy, Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Card #37: World War II (cont) Effects l United Nations l Germany Divided into democratic and communist zone l Nuremberg Trials – Nazis on trial for crimes against humanity l Marshal Plan - $ to rebuild Europe l Truman Doctrine – military protection to fight dictatorship

Card #38: Cold War Iron Curtain l NATO (democratic) vs. Warsaw Pact (communist) – military alliances l satellites (countries surrounded and controlled by the USSR) l Marshall Plan ($ used to combat communism) l Containment (keeping communism where it is) l Domino Effect l Non-alignment – countries who took sides on a case by case basis (India)

Card #38: Cold War (cont) Key Events: l Cuban Missile Crisis l Vietnam and Korean Wars – example of containment and domino theory l Berlin Airlift l Berlin Wall l Space and Arms Race

Card #39: Collapse of Communism Reasons for the Fall of the Soviet Union l Policies of Gorbachev: glasnost (free speech) and perestroika (some capitalism) Effects of fall of USSR: l End of Cold War and communism l Berlin Wall falls l Transition to market economy and democracy former satellites in eastern Europe l Free elections and new nations formed

Card #40: Chinese Communist Revolution l Commies led by Mao; supported by peasants Mao’s Policies: l Great Leap Forward: tried to improve industry; set high quotas; led to backyard furnaces; communes for farming; leads to starvation l Cultural Revolution: Red Guards beat anyone who opposed Mao

Card #40: Chinese Comm. (cont) Deng’s policies l Four Modernizations l Limited Privatization: allows some capitalism into China; successful l Limited Human Rights: Tiananmen Square Massacre l Different from Mao b/c… l Same as Mao b/c…

Card #41: Decolonization l After WWII many colonies gain independence from their imperialists l African independence leaders/nationalists: Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta

Card #41: Decolonization (cont) l l l South Africa had apartheid: a system of unequal legal segregation of the black and white South Africans Blacks had to carry passbooks, couldn’t intermarry, etc. African National Congress (ANC), led by Nelson Mandela tried to end minority rule Mandela imprisoned; other countries use sanctions White rule ends in 1994 and Mandela elected president

Card #41: Decolonization (cont) l India Gandhi uses civil disobedience to fight British imperialism (Salt March) l India is freed in 1947. It is also divided into India (for Hindus) and Pakistan (for Muslims) l Massacres follow as each migrate to their new home l

Card #42: Modern Latin America l Developing Nations: Poor healthcare, government instability l Trying to turn to democracy

Card #43: Hot Spots l Israel: Israelis (Jews) vs. Arabs (Muslims) l Balfour Declaration promised Jews a homeland l Palestine, an Arab nation is divided for the creation of Israel l Since, constant conflict. Hamas is a terrorist group trying to remove Israel l Camp David Accords: peace between Israel and Egypt l

Card #43: Hot Spots (cont) l Ethnic Conflict Ireland: Protestants vs. Catholics l Rwanda: Hutu vs. Tutsi l India vs. Pakistan (over Kashmir and nuclear weapons l

Card #43: Hot Spots (cont) l Ethnic Cleansing/Genocide Slobodon Milosevic (Yugoslavia) l Pot (Cambodia) l Darfur l

Card #44: Current Issues l Deforestation: in Amazon Basin and Sub -Saharan Africa l Green Revolution: farming technology l Overpopulation l Urbanization l Environmental probs caused by burning of fossil fuels l Solution: International cooperation

Card #45: Other Stuff l l l Indus River: Monsoons, city planning Golden Ages: Maurya, Gupta, Tang, Song Trading cities: Venice, Mogadishu, Canton Anti-Semitism: Prejudice against Jews Ibn Battuta: wrote about his travels Ataturk: modernized Turkey Zionism: Jewish nationalism Ho Chi Minh: Vietnam nationalist European Union: economic alliance NAFTA: economic alliance OPEC: oil producing nations