Regeneration Enquiry Question 2 Why might regeneration be
Regeneration - Enquiry Question 2 • Why might regeneration be needed? 4 A. 4 Economic and social inequalities changes people’s perceptions of an area. a. Successful regions (� San Francisco Bay area) have high rates of employment, inward migration (internal and international) and low levels of multiple deprivation but also high property prices and skill shortages in both urban and rural areas. b. In some regions (� The Rust Belt, USA) economic restructuring has triggered a spiral of decline, which includes increasing levels of social deprivation (education, health, crime, access to services and living environment) in both deindustrialised urban areas and rural settlements once dominated by primary economic activities. c. There are priorities for regeneration due to significant variations in both economic and social inequalities (gated communities, ‘sink estates’, commuter villages, declining rural settlements).
Regeneration - What makes a region unsuccessful? By the end of this lesson you will have: • Re-capped what makes a place successful • Learnt about urban and rural decline • Applied this to examples from the USA and the UK
Learning Outcomes EQ 2: Why might regeneration be needed? Content This lesson will give us a contrasting location from Berkshire…By the end of the lesson, you will be able to explain how places fall into decline and give ways in which this impacts people living in said areas. Process We will do this by watching some short clips and applying case study detail to a spiral of decline. Key terms • Cumulative causation. • Cycle of decline. • Multiplier effect.
Recap starter- pick at least 4 words from the selection below & explain them! Blue = 1 point each Red = 2 points each Black = 3 points each Negative externalities Rural economy trends Urban economy trends Gunnar Mydral Cumulative Causation Perception Berkshire connections Berkshire IMD Berkshire employment types
Guestimate Quiz – guess the answers…. • 1. What does Barack Obama call ‘the defining challenge of our time’? • 2. Name 2 social consequences of economic inequality • 3. Define intergenerational • 4. What percentage of people are unemployed in Hartlepool? • 5. What is the ‘rust belt’? • 6. Why might the UK north-south divide worsen in coming years? • 7. Distinguish between reinventor cities and replicator cities • 8. Name a reinventor city and a replicator city in the UK
Spiral of decline • Last week we learnt about cumulative causation • The opposite of this is spiral of decline where an area looses its (largely) primary and secondary employment which plummets the area into spiralling economic decline • This then accelerates social decline • The results are intergenerational and it is hard to escape the poverty trap
Redundant Buildings Closure of factory or coal mine. Closure of supply industries and services Redundant workforce Closure of shops and services Out-migration of people with transferrable skills Long- term unemployment Less money to spend Housing falls into disrepair and disuse Environmental decay Growth of crime and vandalism Education and health services reduced Depression and despair
Urban decline • Read your textbook pages 234 -235 on less successful urban and rural places • Make notes and look out for the questions that I asked you before
Guestimate Quiz – guess the answers…. • 1. What does Barack Obama call ‘the defining challenge of our time’? • 2. Name 2 social consequences of economic inequality • 3. Define intergenerational • 4. What percentage of people are unemployed in Hartlepool? • 5. What is the ‘rust belt’? • 6. Why might the UK north-south divide worsen in coming years? • 7. Distinguish between reinventor cities and replicator cities • 8. Name a reinventor city and a replicator city in the UK
Urban Decline • Happens in deindustrialised towns and cities • Places like Hartlepool have 13% unemployment • This economic inequality creates social inequalities • Exasperates the ‘north/south’ divide because many places in the north are post industrial • Towns and cities either: • Reinvent themselves : change their economy base (i. e. Oxford) • Replicate themselves : replace their secondary sector jobs with call centres and other low paid jobs (i. e. swansea)
Rural decline • Rural decline doesn’t involve environmental issues or ethnic segregation in the way that urban decline does • The main issue instead is the ageing populations in declining rural areas • Perceptions of the countryside often changes depending on which resident you ask • Some rural areas are well connected, expensive to live in and ‘quaint’ • Others are derelict, less educated and a hub of addiction
Examples: Middlesbrough and Cornwall as ‘unsuccessful’ • TASK: • Half of you will study urban decline of Middlesbrough • Half of you will study rural decline of Cornwall • Middlesbrough – read the articles, look up Middlesbrough on IMD, use census information or data shine to discover more • Cornwall – read case study box on page 236 of your textbook, read Cornwall articles, look up Cornwall on IMD • You may need to reciprocal read the articles – a skill we learnt in the first week of Geography (Scribe, Summariser, Clarifier, Speaker) • Make notes and be prepared to feedback to class
Examples: Middlesbrough and Cornwall as ‘unsuccessful’ Location Place on IMD Historical employment Average wages Middlesbrough Cornwall
Write up • Explain what makes a place less successful (8)
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