Reforms Revolutions and War Section 3 Independence in

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Independence in Latin America Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Early Struggles in Latin America • Independence in Mexico • Map: Independence in Latin America • Revolutionary Leaders in South America • Faces of History: Two Revolutionary Leaders • Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of Revolution in Latin America

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Independence in Latin America Main Idea Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for independence from Europe. Reading Focus • How did early struggles in Latin America affect Haiti and other colonies? • What events led to independence in Mexico? • Who were the key revolutionary leaders in South America, and what did they achieve?

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Early Struggles in Latin America The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Napoleon Concerned French emperor Napoleon worried about revolt in Hispaniola • Sent French general to take control of colony away from Toussaint – Island forces struggled for months – 1802, Toussaint agreed to armistice – French broke agreement, sent him to prison; Toussaint died there, 1803 • Fight for independence continued – 1804, revolutionaries declared independence – Named new nation Haiti

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Colonies of Spain and Portugal Another Kind of Independence • 1800 s, Spain controlled most of Latin America; Portugal governed Brazil • In the 1700 s Spanish kings had made improvements in colonies, building roads, regulating trade; colonies grew in wealth and prosperity Education and New Ideas • Wealth gave some in Latin America access to education, new ideas • Educated colonists read works of Enlightenment philosophers, learned about revolutions in France, America Tensions Growing • Tensions grew in Latin America between creoles, people of European descent born in colonies, and peninsulares, colonists born in Spain • Similar distinction between Brazilian-born, Portuguese-born colonists

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Growing Tensions Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Sequence How did Haiti win independence from France? Answer(s): A rebellion of slaves and mulattoes became a revolution against France after Napoleon tried to take power from the revolutionary leader Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Independence in Mexico Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for independence in the colony of New Spain, as Mexico was known at the time. Mexico was a Spanish colony with a mixture of creoles, peninsulares, Indians, and people of mixed race. Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence.

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Morelos Continues the Revolution • After death of Hidalgo, another creole priest, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement • Organized Mexican congress, representatives from many places • Wanted all people born in Mexico, whether Indian, mixed or creole, to be called Americans Independent Republic • Morelos wanted Mexico to be an independent republic with guaranteed freedoms • Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for independence movement • Captured, found guilty of treason, executed by Spanish authorities

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 A Creole King for Mexico Iturbide to Lead Fight • Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain; some were royalists • 1820, Agustin de Iturbide asked to lead final battle against revolutionaries • Spanish authorities believed he could end Mexican independence movement Switching Sides • Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some of his power; decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries • Made three-part proposal to leader of revolution Iturbide’s Proposal • Mexico would gain independence but be ruled by monarch • Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights • Roman Catholic Church would be official church of Mexico

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Different Proposal • Iturbide’s independence proposal different from ideas of Hidalgo, Morelos • After ten years of fighting, the compromise brought together many different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists Independence • Unified under plan, royalists and rebel troops joined Iturbide to win independence • In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain • That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its emperor and he became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Compare and Contrast How were the goals of Hidalgo, Morelos, and Iturbide different, and how were they similar? Answer(s): Hidalgo wanted the peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain; Morelos wanted independence from Spain and an "American" identity to unify all people born in Mexico; Iturbide wanted to create an independent monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the official church of Mexico

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Revolutionary Leaders in South America Inspiration Simon Bolivar • Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico, America, France inspired leaders in South America • Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement • Independence movements began to form, leaders emerged • Known as “the Liberator” Venezuelan Roots Independence • Bolivar born into wealthy creole family, often traveled to Europe • 1811, Venezuela declared independence from Spain • Admired Napoleon’s leadership; in Rome, pledged to liberate South America • Bolivar led military campaigns against Spanish for 10 years, defeated Spanish 1821

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Bolivar’s Dream Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America • Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes • Dream never became reality – Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador – Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places • Bolivar complained “America is ungovernable”

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 José de San Martin • José de San Martin fought for independence from Spain in south • San Martin had fought against Napoleon in Spain • Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up against Spanish rule; eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Pedro I The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3

Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 3 Contrast In what ways was the independence movement in Brazil different from independence movements elsewhere in South America? Answer(s): Brazil won independence more smoothly and without violence.