Referencing Harvard Style A guide How to refer

Referencing - Harvard Style A guide… How to refer to writers in your texts Ø A formula for each type of resource, i. e. book, journal, video, email, electronic journal, web page Ø How to create a proper bibliography Ø

Harvard Referencing Why you have to use it Evidence of background reading Ø Acknowledge the research of others Ø Avoid accusations of plagiarism Ø Makes you include complete information Ø Easy to trace the background research used Ø Helps other researchers Ø

Harvard Referencing Some language explained Ø CITING - acknowledging in the text Ø CITATION - the passage or words quoted within your text Ø REFERENCES - list of sources and detailed description of works used

Harvard Referencing How does it work? There are 2 elements to referencing other people’s work: Ø The first is in the body of the text or in the middle of your essay or report, when you refer to someone’s ideas. Ø The second is at the back of your work when you list everything you have referred to in full.

Citing in the text Ø Authors surname and year of publication in brackets e. g. The work of Preece (2004) and Rawcliffe (2006) was concerned to emphasise the importance of quality in social research.

Citing in the text Direct Quotes Ø Name, Year and Page number appear in brackets e. g. “These resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition. ” (Jones, 2006: 122)

Citing in the text Multiple Authors Ø 2 or 1 author/s: e. g. Cutler, T. and Williams, J. (2006) believe that the fermentation process is prolonged by such low temperatures. Ø 3 or more authors: e. g. Matlock, J. et al. (2004) discussed the use of electronic databases.

Citing in the text Electronic Sources Ø Electronic journal and web site with an author: Cite the author and date as usual. e. g. Turner (2006) has created many useful graphs showing the transition between the different age groups.

Citing in the text Electronic Sources Ø Web site without author: Where the web page has no author, use the title of the page as the point of reference. e. g. A recent study (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 2005) has stated that lung cancer is the most common form of the disease in the UK.

Reference section What is it? Alphabetical list at the end of your work Ø It gives the FULL reference Ø The following formulas are to make sure that you do not miss out a crucial fact and then fail to trace that work again Ø Not everything can be included on one guide, the most important thing to remember is to keep your references consistent Ø

BOOKS Include the following information: Author(s) / Editor(s) / Organisation Ø Year in brackets, Ø Title and Subtitle (Underlined or Italics) Ø Series (if present) Ø Edition Ø Place of publication Ø Publisher Ø

Book Reference In the reference section e. g. Spence, B. ed. (2005), Secondary School Management in the 1990’s: Challenge and Change, London: Independent Publishers. e. g. Mohr, L. B. (2006), Impact for Analysis for Program Evaluation, Second Edition, London: Sage.

Example Exercise You have read a book called ‘New directions in action research’. It was published in 2006. The location of the publisher is London. The publishers name is Falmer Press and it was written by Ortrun Zuber-Skerritt. Translate this into a Harvard Reference

Right order and punctuation Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (2006) New Directions in Action Research London Falmer Press

Correct Reference Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (2006), New Directions in Action Research, London: Falmer Press.

Journal Articles Include the following information: Author(s) of article Ø Year in brackets Ø Article title (in quotations) Ø Journal title (Underlined or Italics) Ø Volume, Part, Issue, Month/Season Ø Page numbers Ø

Journal Article In the reference section e. g. Lucas, K. B. and Lidstone, J. G. (2005), “Ethical Issues in Teaching About Research Ethics”, Evaluation and Research in Education, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 53 -64.

Example Exercise You have read in a journal called ‘Studies in Higher Education’ an article called "Learning to Learn: More than a Skills Set” It is written by Mike Rawson It was published in 2002 It is issue number 2 It is on pages 225 - 238 and is volume number 25 Translate this into a Harvard reference

Correct Reference Rawson, M. (2006), “Learning to Learn: More that a Skill Set”, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 225 -238.

Newspaper Article In the reference section: e. g. Baty, P. (2005), “Learners are Born, Says Report”, Times Higher Education Supplement, 16 th January, p. 5.

Chapters in Books ‘In’ References Include the following information: Author of chapter/section Ø Year of publication (in brackets) Ø Title of chapter/section (in quotations) Ø In: Ø Author / Editor of collected work Ø Title of the collected work (Underlined or italics) Ø Place of publication Ø Publisher’s name Ø Page numbers Ø

In the References section e. g. Porter, M. A. (2003), “The Modification of Method in Researching Postgraduate Education”, In: Burgess, R. G. ed. The Research Process in Educational Settings: Ten Case Studies, London: Falmer Press, pp. 17 -28.

Film and Video Include the following information: Series title Ø Series number Ø Year (in brackets) Ø Programme title (Underlined or Italics) Ø Place of publication Ø Publisher’s name Ø Date of transmission Ø [Medium: Format] Ø

Videos In the bibliography: Ø Commercial videos: e. g. Yol (2004), Directed by Yilmaz Guney, London, Artificial Eye, [video: VHS]. Ø Television programmes and off-air recordings: e. g. World in Action (2005), All work and no play, London: ITV, 21 st January [video: VHS].

Sound Recordings In the bibliography: e. g. Mozart, W. A. Symphony no. 38 in D major, Vienna Philharmonic. Polydor. [sound recording: compact disk]. e. g. Children language and literature (2004) Milton Keynes, Open University Press [sound recording: audiocassette].

Web Pages Include the following information: Author(s) / Editor(s) if known Ø Year (in brackets) Ø Title (Underlined or Italics) Ø [Internet] Ø Edition Ø Place of publication Ø Publisher’s name (if available) Ø Available from: <URL> Ø [Date accessed] Ø

Web Page In the reference section: e. g. Rowett, S. (2005), Higher Education for Capability: Autonomous Learning for Life and Work [Internet]. Higher Education for Capability. Available from: <http: //www. lle. mdx. ac. uk/hec/about. htm> [Accessed 8 August 2006]. e. g. The Architecture Foundation (2005), Architecture Foundation Online [Internet]. Available from: <http: //www. architecturefoundation. org. uk/home. htm> [Accessed 17 August 2006].

Electronic Journal Articles Include the following information: Author(s) / Editor(s) Ø Year (in brackets) Ø Title of article Ø Title of journal (Underlined or Italics) Ø [type of medium] Ø Date of publication, volume, issue, page number Ø Available from: <URL> Ø [Date accessed] Ø

Electronic Journal In the reference section: e. g. Glasbergen, P. and Groenenberg, R. (2006), “Environmental partnerships in sustainable energy”, European Environment [Internet], January/February, 11 (1), pp. 1 -13. Available from: <http: //www 3. interscience. wiley. com> [Accessed 12 August 2006].

Online images Include the following information: Title of image, or a description (Underlined or Italics) Ø Year (in brackets) Ø [Online image] or [Online video] Ø Available from: <URL> Ø Filename including extension Ø [Date accessed] Ø

Online images In the reference section: e. g. Hubble Space Telescope Release in the Space Shuttle’s Payload Bay (2005) [Online image]. Available from: <http: //explorer. arc. nasa. gov/pub/> SPACE/GIF/s 31 -04 -015. gif, [Accessed 6 July 2005].

Email discussion lists Include the following information: Ø Author / Editor Ø Year (in brackets) Ø Title of message Ø Discussion list name and date of message (Underlined or Italics) Ø [Internet discussion list] Ø Available from: <email list address> Ø [Date accessed]

Email discussion lists In the reference section: e. g. Brack, E. V. (2006), Computing and short courses, Lis-link 2 May 1996 [Internet discussion list]. Available from: <mailbase@mailbase. ac. uk> [Accessed 15 April 2006].

Personal email messages Include the following information: Ø Sender’s name Ø Sender’s email address (in brackets) Ø Day Month Year Ø Subject of message (Underlined or Italics) Ø Email to followed by recipient’s name Ø Recipient’s email address (in brackets)

Personal email messages In the bibliography: e. g. Lawrence, S. (slawrence. goyh@goregions. gsi. gov. uk), 6 July 2006, Re: government office for Yorkshire and Humberside information, E-mail to F. Burton (l. burton@intercollege. ac. cy).

Sample of Reference Section Bennett, H. Gunter, H. and Reid, S. (2006), “Through a Glass Darkly: Images of Appraisal”, Journal of Teacher Development, Vol. 5, No. 3, October, pp. 39 -46. Now Voyager (1942), Directed by Irving Rapper, New York: Warner [Film: 35 mm]. Smith, B. (2004), Learning Styles, London: Academic Press.