Referencing and Paraphrasing How to write a Paragraph

Referencing and Paraphrasing How to write a Paragraph using Referencing and PEEL.

Objectives PART 1: REFERENCE LIST 1. Referencing – what is it? 2. Plagiarism 3. Referencing your sources – how? 4. What information do you need to reference? 5. Look at Harvard Reference list examples (activity) 6. Referencing in Word 7. Look at Harvard Reference Guide on Canvas-open it! PART 2: IN-TEXT REFERENCING/CITATIONS/QUOTES 1. Use your research to add Evidence in your assignments 2. Create paragraphs, using PEEL 3. Add Evidence and Explain 4. Paraphrase sentences, examples 5. Paraphrase paragraphs, examples 6. Summarising examples

PART 1: What is Referencing? When you properly include someone else’s work in your assignments, it is called “referencing” or “citing”. Referring to another’s work is also known as a Citation. Referencing makes it clear that the words or ideas you are using originally came from another person.

Why Do I Need To Reference? As a student, you need to use the work of experts as evidence to back up the points that you make and show you are learning by doing some research. Referencing shows the sources of evidence that support your thinking. Your tutor can see what you have read and how you have used the information. Referencing gives the credit that is due to experts when you use their words or ideas. Referencing also makes it easy for readers to find the same sources that you have used, if they want to find out more. Referencing will guard you against being accused of plagiarism, which is passing others work off as being your own.

Plagiarism All of the following are considered as plagiarism: • turning in someone else's work as your own • copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit • failing to put a quotation in quotation marks • giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation • changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit • copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not In academic writing, anything that does not have a reference is assumed to be the student’s own idea or comment.

Assignment Research: You might use different types of sources to support your ideas! If you use it… � � � Text Images Pictures Tables Charts Diagrams Television programmes Films/DVDs Radio programmes You tube clips Emails etc!! reference it!

When referencing: What information do you need? � Who wrote/created the work? Author, Organisation, … � When did they write/create it? Date � What is the name of the work? Title � Where can it be found? Publisher, URL, … � For online sources: When did you access it? Date With this information you can create a reference list!

Reference list The reference list is located at the end of your assignment. It starts on a new page and includes the details of every source you have referred to in your assignment. Let’s look at some examples!

Example of reference list: Can you identify which one is an ONLINE source?

Referencing an Electronic Book (e-book) On the internet you are very likely to find information in Electronic Books.

Referencing a webpage On the internet you are very likely to find information in Webpages.

Examples of reference list: Can you identify the sources: which of these are books or periodicals/journals (magazines)?

TOP TIPS!!! TIP 1: When researching create a separate word document, add all the useful resources you have found/used and note what you liked about it. For example: I Looked for information about “Generation Y” on this webpage: https: //www. kasasa. com/articles/generations/gen-x-gen-y-gen-z I like the information and think I can use it for my assignment: Title: Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, and Gen Z Explained Author: Kasasa Date accessed: January 13, 2021 URL: https: //www. kasasa. com/articles/generations/gen-x-gen-y-gen -z Now lets use the “References” Tab in Microsoft Word, example on the next slide. GET IT RIGHT FIRST TIME

Example: Using Word References

Harvard Referencing Guide on LRC Canvas TIP 2: Keep this document open and refer to it when you are referencing!

Harvard Referencing Guide see: https: //oaklands. instructure. com/courses/608 Open the referencing guide on Canvas, see pages 5 - 8: Electronic Information.

Referencing Electronic Information � � � � 10 Electronic book 11 Electronic journal 12 Internet page - author known 13 Organisation website 14 Information databases – citing a journal article 15 Information databases – citing a report – author unknown 16 Discussion group/bulletin board/ blog 17 E-mail 18 Virtual learning environments (Study. Net) 19 Conference proceedings (published on the Internet) 20 Electronic magazine or newsletter 21 Multiple references to the same website 22 Reference to a website using an acronym (short form of organisation/institution’s name)

PART 2: IN-TEXT REFERENCING and PARAPHRASING 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Use your research to add Evidence in your assignments Create paragraphs, using PEEL Add Evidence and Explain Paraphrase sentences, examples Paraphrase paragraphs, examples Summarising examples

Using your research to add evidence in your assignments Researching should help you : � � � Understand the topic you need to write about Develop your own ideas about the topic. Collect a list of some or all the points you would like to write about in your assignment. After research, using the assignment brief and criteria, you should be able to identify the points that are most relevant to your topic. � � � Read your research notes on these specific points and ask yourself what you think about what you read; do you agree? do you disagree? how does it make you feel? Think critically about each point. Think about what you can add to the points, maybe an explanation about your opinion or your perspective about that point. Consider your own position (opinion) before you start writing – (but it may change!) 20

PEEL � Point Your first sentence must state your point. It introduces the topic you’re about to discuss and tells the reader what the paragraph is going to be about. This is sometimes called a topic sentence. Evidence/Examples Support your point with evidence and examples. In the next one or two sentences, give evidence to expand upon and support the point you made. Evidence can include facts, statistics, research findings, quotes from a credible authority or a primary text. Explain This is where you show your understanding by explaining in more detail how and why your evidence supports your point. Your explanation should interpret the evidence for the reader. Link The last sentence should reinforce your original point or link your writing to the next paragraph. The link sentence can provide a transition to the next topic or paragraph Note: In some circumstances it may make more sense to switch Explain and Examples/Evidence. It is okay to be flexible with these two.

Adding evidence or quotes. Students often say: “It’s difficult to choose which quotations to put in. ” (Norton et al, 2006: 47). So, consider: What is the point? Why was that person’s view more useful for you to use than another’s? Cross-reference, find more than one source that supports the same idea or find some that contradict your idea. You can use more than one piece of evidence in a paragraph. Never put one quote after another, without your comments and explanations.

Paraphrasing � � � When paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original meaning so that the facts remain intact. You are writing something in your own words that still expresses the original idea. Paraphrasing can be shorter, longer or the same length as the original text. For both summary and paraphrase, you must use at least 90% of your own words and sentence structure - changing only 40% or even 60% or 70% is not acceptable, as this would be part copying. You always need to write an explanation or comment after or before writing your paraphrased evidence.

Paraphrasing versus Plagiarism � If the wording, or even the sentence structure, of the paraphrased text is too close to the wording of the original content… � It is plagiarism! � The main ideas need to come through, but the wording has to be your own.

Direct quotes � � � Use only if you don't think you can paraphrase a sentence or passage well enough to have the meaning come across clearly You can only use the original author's exact words if you put them in quotation marks. That’s a Direct Quote! Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1965) famously said, "In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends. ” Add/write an explanation or comment to tell us why this quote is relevant to the point you are making in your assignment.

Step-by-step: How to paraphrase � Decide what the key information is, for the purposes of your discussion. � Change the order of the ideas and the words. This can help you to emphasise your interpretation of the original text. � Change the word form/grammatical form if necessary. � Use synonyms if appropriate, but do not change any specific terminology. � The best place to find suitable synonyms will be elsewhere in the same article or use a Thesaurus. � If some words stay the same in the same order (three or more consecutive words), you need to use quotation marks around these words.

Paraphrasing Sentences: Examples Sometimes you only need to paraphrase the information from one sentence. Here are some examples of paraphrasing individual sentences. � Original: Her life spanned years of incredible change for � Original: Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscany � Original: The price of a resort vacation typically includes women as they gained more rights than ever before. Paraphrase: She lived through the exciting era of women's liberation. to sample the region's exquisite wines. Paraphrase: Be sure to make time for a Tuscan winetasting experience when visiting Italy. meals, tips and equipment rentals, which makes your trip more cost-effective. Paraphrase: All-inclusive resort vacations can make for an economical trip.

Decide which paraphrase is better. (NB! Remember, your essay should not just be one long paraphrase, even a good paraphrase!) 1. Adverts are a major part of everyday life. Paraphrase 1 Advertising is an important feature of daily life. Paraphrase 2 The influence of adverts can be felt in all aspects of our lives. 2. Adverts for the soft drink, Tango, have recently been banned for possibly encouraging playground bullying. Paraphrase 1 Advertising for the fizzy drink, Tango, have been disallowed recently for potentially leading to school bullying. Paraphrase 2 A ban on Tango adverts has been implemented recently, as some felt the content could encourage school bullies

Paraphrasing Paragraphs Original passage: “In The Sopranos, the mob is besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to Tony's Family is his own biological family. One of his closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother colludes with his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and his kids click through Web sites that track the federal crackdown in Tony's gangland. ” � FROM: Walker, Ingrid Field, (2004), “Family Values and Feudal Codes: The Social Politics of America’s Twenty-First Century Gangster. ” Journal of Popular Culture 37. 4. Available at: Duke University Libraries.

Key Information � Say out loud what you understand or write a draft without worrying about your SPAG. � Example of a draft: The main point of this passage is that problems within the family are as bad as, if not worse than, problems caused by the federal government. Details about this betrayal include someone close turning informant, a hit being put on Tony by family members, and Tony’s kids tracking his activities. � Now you can improve on your draft and paraphrase.

Paraphrased passage: In the first season of The Sopranos, Ingrid Field Walker (2004), explains that Tony Soprano’s mobster activities are more threatened by members of his biological family than by agents of the federal government. This familial betrayal is multi-pronged. Tony’s closest friend associate is an FBI informant, his mother and uncle are conspiring to have him killed, and his children are surfing the Web for information about his activities.

Paraphrasing Paragraphs – what works! � As you can see, the main idea and important details are included in the paraphrased version, though the wording is quite different. Here is a summary of some of the main changes made during the paraphrasing process: Early in the series = first season � Greatest threat = more threatened � One of his closest associates = closest friend associate � His mother colludes with his uncle = his mother and uncle are conspiring � His kids click through Web sites = his children are surfing the Web �

Summarising � Summarising is slightly different than paraphrasing. � When you summarise a passage, you focus on restating only the main idea in your own words from a long text or chapter. � Summaries are much shorter than the original passage. � For both summary and paraphrase, you must use at least 90% of your own words and sentence structure - changing only 40% or even 60% or 70% is not acceptable, as this would be part copying.

Summarising ORIGINAL “Women entrepreneurs in the developing world often face challenges that limit their chances for success and growth. They often have less access to education than men and have difficulty getting financing on their own. But with an understanding of the essential aspects of doing business – such as planning, financing, networking and marketing – they can overcome those obstacles. That's where the 10, 000 Women Initiative comes in. As Faiza Elmasry tells us, it's an investment in education with dividends that benefit the businesswomen, their local communities and their national economies. ” FROM: Goldman Sachs invests in Educating Women in Business, Voice of America, Available : https: //owl. purdue. edu/owl_exercises/esl_exercises/paraphrase_and_sum mary_exercises/basic_level_paraphrase_and_summary_writing_answers. ht ml Accesses: 12. 01. 2021

Summarising � Possible Solution: In Voanews (2021), we are informed that The 10, 000 Women Initiative helps women entrepreneurs in developing nations to understand the cornerstones of the business world, overcoming various challenges and helping their communities and countries.

PEEL: EXPLAIN � To create a good paragraph you will need to explain and comment on the Paraphrase/summary you have included in your assignment. � A summary or paraphrase should contain only the information that is given in the original source. � Your own comments should come before or after the paraphrase or summary. � The type of explanation and comment will depend on your assignment brief/criteria: you maybe asked to Analyse. � Analysis: Identify separate factors, say how they are related and how each one contributes to the topic.

Definitions of the common operative verbs used in the grading criteria

Be creative in the way you introduce and use sources: Howard (2018) • Found that • Calculated that • Describes the impact of • Suggests that • Demonstrated that • Showed that • Claims that • Discussed the idea that • Considers that • Points out that • Supports • Challenges • Summarises • Identified by Howard (2018) • Attributes to Newey (2018) • Studies (Howard, 2018; Newey 2018) indicate that • Recent studies (Howard & Newey, 2018) have challenged… • Confirmed by… • Reported by • Asserted by • Argued by • Explained by • This view is supported by…

Outcomes PART 1: REFERENCE LIST 1. Referencing – what is it? 2. Plagiarism 3. Referencing your sources – how? 4. What information do you need to reference? 5. Look at Harvard Reference list examples (activity) 6. Referencing in Word 7. Look at Harvard Reference Guide on Canvas-open it! PART 2: IN-TEXT REFERENCING/CITATIONS/QUOTES 1. Use your research to add Evidence in your assignments 2. Create paragraphs, using PEEL 3. Add Evidence and Explain 4. Paraphrase sentences, examples 5. Paraphrase paragraphs, examples 6. Summarising examples