References and citations explained Learning outcomes You will

References and citations explained

Learning outcomes • You will know why correct referencing is essential • You will know what citations are and when and how to cite in the text • You will be able to reference some key sources of information including books, journal articles and websites • You will have a good understanding of how to set out bibliographies • You will know how to use the guides to answer your own referencing questions

Why is correct referencing important? Academic reasons Practical reasons It is a requirement of your department/school Allows others to easily find your sources –give as much information as you can Puts your current work into context Helps you re-trace your reading in the future Provides supporting evidence for facts, opinions, data, approaches taken Poor information sources and poor referencing loses marks Gives your work academic credibility Shows the breadth of your reading Avoid plagiarism!

What are references and citations? Citation Reference Appears in the text of your essay, wherever you use a quote or incorporate an idea you have picked up from another source Appears at the end of your essay or chapter, or sometimes at the bottom of each page, and gives full details of the source of your information Reference A list at the end of a chapter or essay giving full details of sources cited within the essay list Bibliography A list at the end of your essay which gives the full details of all sources which you have read even if they are not referred to within the text

Citation required You are quoting directly from another source Mention a fact that is commonly known Present the results of your own survey or experiment You are writing about another researcher’s theory or idea using your own words, as a paraphrase or a summary You use an image from the web You are using facts and figures from another writer to support your idea You use a diagram from a book You include some statistics that your lecturer has given you in a lecture No citation required 7 7

In-text citations Harvard: In the Harvard style, you usually include the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets (Jones, 2005). For each citation there should be a full reference at the end of your work, giving the full details of the source. Jones, A. 2005. References and citations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Numeric: In the Numeric style, the citation is a number that refers the reader to a corresponding reference in your reference list. The first source cited in your work is allocated number 1; the second is allocated number 2, and so on. 1. Jones, A. References and citations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 2. Adams, B. Referencing in academic work. London: Sage publications, 2008.

In-text citations activity 1. Read the extract in your handout 2. You are then asked five multiple choice questions about how this extract should be cited 3. Choose whether you think answer a or b is correct. 4. Ask me for an answer sheet when you’re done • Use the online guidance to help you: http: //library. leeds. ac. uk/skills-referencing

In-text citations: More tips Tip 1: To cite a source that you have read in another source: Harvard: (Matthews, 1998, cited in Brown, 2001, p. 17). Numeric: Matthews (5, p. 17) cites Brown, who emphasises. . .

In-text citations: More tips Tip 2: If you are citing items from the same author in the same year: Harvard: They should be distinguished by adding a lowercase letter after the year. E. g. : It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998 a). In a work published later that year Jones (1998 b) proposed that. . . Numeric: This isn’t a problem as the source would just be allocated another number

In-text citations: More tips Tip 3: If there is no author: Harvard: (Anon, 2011) Numeric: Use Anon in your reference list Tip 4: If there is no date: Harvard: In-text citation: (Jones, no date) Bibliography: [no date] Numeric: In your reference list write [no date] where the year would normally appear

References in your bibliography or reference list

Examples of Harvard and Numeric For comparison purposes, here is an example of a book referenced using the 2 methods: Harvard Jones, S. and Brown, F. 1998. Citing and referencing published material. 3 rd ed. London: British Institution. Numeric Jones, S. and Brown, F. Citing and referencing published material. 3 rd ed. London: British Institution, 1998.

Different types of sources When you are reading for an assignment you may use a whole range of sources: • • A book A chapter in an edited book A journal article An electronic journal article A website An email A map Now we will practise writing references for several of these sources

Practical referencing activity • Reference: – Book – Chapter in an edited book – Journal article – E-journal article – Website

Answers: the book reference Harvard • Abbas, A. K. and Lichtman, A. H. 2001. Basic immunology: functions and disorders of the immune system. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company. Numeric • Abbas, A. K. and Lichtman, A. H. Basic immunology: functions and disorders of the immune system. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 2001.

Answers: the chapter reference Harvard • Chase, K. 1997. Jane Eyre’s interior design. In: Glen, H. ed. Jane Eyre. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 52 -67. Numeric • Chase, K. . Jane Eyre’s interior design. In: Glen, H. ed. Jane Eyre. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997, pp. 52 -67.

Answers: the journal article reference Harvard • Tyagi, R. K. 2004. Technological advances, transaction costs, and consumer welfare. Marketing Science. 23(3), pp. 335 -344. Numeric • Tyagi, R. K. Technological advances, transaction costs, and consumer welfare. Marketing Science, 2004, 23(3), pp. 335344.

Answers: the e-journal article reference Harvard • Vahey, D. C. , Swan, B. A. , Lang, N. M. and Mitchell, P. H. 2004. Measuring and improving health care quality: nursing's contribution to the state of science. Nursing Outlook. [Online]. 52(1), pp. 6 -10. [Accessed 26 October 2004]. Available from: http: //0 www. sciencedirect. com. wam. leeds. ac. uk Numeric • Vahey, D. C. , Swan, B. A. , Lang, N. M. and Mitchell, P. H. 2004. Measuring and improving health care quality: nursing's contribution to the state of science. Nursing Outlook. [Online]. 2004, 52(1), pp. 6 -10. [Accessed 26 October 2004]. Available from: http: //0 www. sciencedirect. com. wam. leeds. ac. uk

Setting out bibliographies: Harvard When listing your references you can either include: • a reference list - an alphabetical list of citations that have appeared in the body of your work; if using this, you may also include • a full bibliography - listing all the sources of information you have consulted in your research, and this list should also be arranged alphabetically. • Alternatively you can just provide a full bibliography - check with you School regarding their requirements.

Bibliography: Harvard Belz. F. and Schmidt-Riediger, B. 2010. Marketing strategies in the age of sustainable development: Evidence from the food industry. Business Strategy and the Environment 19(7), pp. 652 -669. Brenkert, G. 2008. Marketing ethics. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Capon, N. 2007. The marketing mavens. New York: Crown Business

Setting out bibliographies: Numeric • When listing your references you should include: • A reference list - a list of citations, in the order that they have appeared in your work. Repeated citations to the same item have the same number within the text as the first citation. • A full bibliography - listing all the sources of information that you have consulted in your research including background reading. The references in your bibliography that you have not cited in your work will not have a number, therefore this list should be arranged alphabetically by author's surname. • Check with your school regarding their requirements.

For example…

To sum up: • Use the style your school has selected. If it is Harvard or Numeric use the Leeds University versions of these styles • Remember a citation is a reference within the text, a reference comes at the end of your text • Gain marks by referencing correctly and consistently! • Avoid plagiarism

Further help: • Use the referencing guidance on the Library referencing webpages: http: //library. leeds. ac. uk/skills-referencing