Reference and Sense Referring Expression Group 4 1

Reference and Sense: Referring Expression Group 4 1. Ayu Muassari Septiyani 2. Fatikha 3. Arum Dianawati

Reference Relationship between language and the world. Reference Relationships between parts of the language and things outside the language There are two important notions talking about reference. parts of a language outside the language (in the world). expression referent

For example, when we indicate a giant shining ball in the noon sky, we use word sun in English. a giant shining ball in the noon sky, we use word sun referent A thing in the world is all phenomena that happen or exist in the world. Then, we can call them referent if they are linked to expressions Two expressions may refer to same thing. For example, the Morning Star and the Evening Star both refer to planet Venus. expression Relationship between a thing and an expression depends on the circumstance which the expression is being used.

SENSE Sense relationship between an expression and the other expressions An expression carrying a meaning depends on the other expression (context) where it occurs. For example: (1) I have an account at the Bank of Scotland. (2) We steered the raft to the other bank of the river. A sentence may have different senses ambiguity (1) The chicken is ready to be eaten and We almost won the (2) The chicken is ready to eat something. competition. We nearly won the competition. almost and nearly have same sense.

REFERRING EXPRESSION A referring expression is a piece of language, a noun phrase, that is used in an utterance and is linked to something outside language, some living or dead or imaginary entity or concept or group of entities or concepts ‘something’ referent

�A Referring Expression is not a referent � There is no natural connection between referring expression and referent � The existence of a referring expression does not guarantee the existence of aa referent in the physical-social world that we inhabit � Two or more referring expression may have the same referent, but they do not necessarily have the same meaning

� The extension of a laxeme is the set of entities which it denotes � The extension of any laxeme is the set of properties shared by all members of the extension

1. Unique and non-unique referents 2. Concrete and abstract referents 3. Countable and non-countable referents

� There 1. 2. 3. are three kinds of referring expresion: Proper names Anaphora Noun Phrase

1. 2. 3. Generic and non-generic reference Specific and non-specific reference Definite and indefinite reference

The most primitive way of referring to something is to point to it. Of course, this kind of reference can only be accomplished with people and concrete things in one’s immediate environment. On a less primitive level, every language has deictic words which ‘point’ to ‘things’ in the physical-social context of the speaker and addressee(s) and whose referents can only be determined by knowing the context in which they are used.

� Anaphora is a kind of scondary reference in which a provious reference is recalled by use of special function words or equivalent lexemes. Example : -Jack and Jill tried to lift the box and push it onto the top shelf. - However he slipped and fell to the door she it they

Sentence : - There was a strance painting on the wall - I wondered where the painting had come from it Here the first referring expression is indefinite but specific. In the next sentence the coreferential expression is definite. If the first referring expression is indefinie and not specific, a following co-referential expression may be definite or indefinite.

A referring expression is, first of all, a noun phrase that is linked to something outside language, its referent. We recognize different kinds of referents and different ways of referring. Referents may be concrete or abstract, unique or non unique, countable or non countable items. A noun phrase has a noun head, a determiner, and perhaps a complement and/or modifier. The determiner determines the way of referring