Reduction Transmodal area Crossmodal integration heteromodal limbic paralimbic

Reduction

Transmodal area • Cross-modal integration • heteromodal, limbic, paralimbic area • 기능 - the establishment of limited cross modal associations related to the target events. - the formation of a directory pointing to the distributed components of the related information. • Not centers for storing the convergent knowledge, But rather critical gateway for integrating and accessing the relevant distributed information.

Transmodal area • Midtemporal cortex - face & object recognition • Wernicke’s area - lexical labeling • Hippocampo-Entorhinal complex - explicit memory • Amygdala - emotion • Prefrontal cortex - working memory • Dorsal parietal cortex - spatial attention

Intermediary processing: Cognition 1) It protects channels of sensory input and motor output from the motivationally-driven influence of the internal milieu. 2) It enables identical stimuli to trigger different responses depending on situational context, past experience, present needs, and contemplated consequences.

각성(arousal) Reticular formation Thalamus Basal forebrain area 정보처리의 조절 Dopamine, Ach, NE, Serotonin, Histamine

Basal forebrain area

• Specific relay : a single sensory modality or a distinct part of the motor system • Association relay : highly processed input from more than one source and project to larger areas of the association cortex • Diffuse projection : : diverse sources, widespread areas projection

Hypothalamus • Homeostatic function - Electrolyte balance - Metabolic rate - Basal temperature - Autonomic tone - Hormonal state - Sexual phase - Circadian oscillations - Immunoregulation - Expression of hunger/aggression/ fear/flight/thirst

prefrontal Figure 2 ? “Limbic System” is Highly Distributed (“Fully distributed’? ) Highly parallel and globaly distributed nature of limbic connetivities running from the brainstem (including portions of ERTAS) to the highest neocortical centers. Omitted from this schema are critical limbic inputs into non-specific thalamic systems? (NRT/ILN) from basal ganglia, prefrontal systems, accumbens, and paralimbic cortices, and crucial regions in the midbrain (Tucker&Derryberry, 1992)

변연계의 기능 • • • Cingulate: maternal behavior, play, vocalization Hippocampus: memory, anxiety Amygdala: fear/anxiety, aggression, sex, mood Septum: pleasure Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, sex, aggression, hormonal control • RAS: arousal, sleep-wake cycle • Entorhinal cortex: memory, sensory integration • Ventral striatum: motivation

DPFC • Working memory • Executive function • Cognitive flexibility - Concept formation - Abstract thinking • Categorization • Problem solving apathetic

Lateral orbitofrontal cortex • Inhibition of irrelevant stimuli • Impairment시 - Mania - Antisocial behavior - OCD - Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia

Anterior cingulate prefrontal cortex • Output of emotion • Impairment시 - Depressive feature - Apathetic feature

Cognitive Functions and PFC Anterior Attention Functions • Attentional control - top-down guidance & direction of other processes - Attentional Switching : WCST, Trail Making test, part B. - Selective Attention : Stroop Test. - Sustained Attention : Letter cancellation, “vigilance” tasks.

Cognitive Functions and PFC Control of Memory • The role of the FL on memory tasks is one of control and direction “working with memory”. • Damage to the FL alone does not result in clinically diagnosed amnesia. • Wechsler Memory Scale - associative (temporal lobe) processes - strategic (frontal) processes

Cognitive Functions and PFC Working Memory • The frontal lobes “primary role” in working memory is in control and manipulation of information held on-line. • The DLPFC appears to be preferentially involved in monitoring and manipulation. • The role of the VPFC is less clear, with hypothesis including maintenance, interference control, and inhibition. • Digit span or spatial span tasks, and Reversal of sequences.

Total Bilateral Frontal Lobotomy 1. Decreased Drive 2. Decreased Self Concern 3. Depression of Outwardly Directed Behavior and Social Sense. 4. Shallow Affective Life

Phylogenetic Hierarchy of Minds & Brain • Consciousness – Arousal • Primitive Survival Function – Autonomic, Endocrine • Motivational & Affective Function • Cognitive Function RAS, Basal forebrain, & Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala, NAcc Hippocampus, CSPT tract