Reducing the development gap How might it be

Reducing the development gap How might it be reduced and by whom? Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty 1) How can we reduce poverty within countries? Global economic growth (global economy) Political stability Globalisation trends Aid and foreign investment Government investment in infrastructure (ICT, social services etc. ) Food security Trade strategies Investment in healthcare e. g. AIDS Addressing inequalities e. g. ethnic, women, rural/urban Tourism development Debt cancellation/ reduction Legal empowerment of poor International cooperation 2) Copy any you haven’t got down and colour code into those which are internal Vs external approaches

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty Public / Government Private Top-down Reducing Poverty Voluntary Organisations Bottom-up

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty Theory Essential Info Likely impact on gap Neo. Liberalism A set of economic policies popular towards the end of 20 th C esp. Thatcher/ Reagan. Based upon market forces, privatisation and little state intervention. Govts abandoned key principles in 2008/9 with huge investment to prop up economies during recession. Most developed and developing countries e. g. USA, UK, Germany, Russia, WTO, IMF No Change Rich grow richer and poor grow poorer Marxism Capitalism is based upon the exploitation of workers by ‘owners of the means of production’. History recounts conflict between these ‘classes’ Marxism seeks to replace existing class structure with on which manages society for the good of everyone. Cuba, China (reducing) Reduction in the gap Populism A philosophy which supports ‘the people’ against the ‘elite’ in society. It urges economic, social and political reform but does not have a strong ideological identity. France’s / Spain’s social state (to an extent) Change unlikely

Therefore there are lots of different approaches towards the goal of development based on different philosophies. These are all mostly ‘modernist’ – That is they are founded on the belief that all countries should develop into ‘western’ states.

What might a NGOs philosophy be? What might a government’s philosophy be? What might a TNCs philosophy be?

Theories and Approaches to reduce poverty Critique – an anti-development school of thought is emerging!!! • ‘Development’ – what is it? We see it in a Eurocentric ideal based upon material prosperity. • It is a process which creates ‘dependency’ (both poor to rich and vice versa) • It undermines local cultures and ways of life • It is environmentally unsustainable • It infringes human rights and undermines democracy.

Aid and Investment Strategies Ways to Reduce the gap

Aid and Investment Strategies Debt relief /cancellation Fair prices for primary products Education Ways to Reduce the gap Political stability Help to lessen the impact of HIV/Aids Trade Aid to develop education, health services, safe water supplies, modern means of communication Investment Technology

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment

Aid and Investment Strategies 1) Define these types of aid: Humanitarian Development Project Voluntary Bilateral Multilateral 2) Using page 207 Oxford explain what the strategies of aid in terms of top down and bottom up mean 3) Apply this to your definitions. 4) Using page 207, Explain clearly what the difference between Investment and Aid is.

Reducing the gap: Aid or Investment? Task 1: p 206 Define and categorise (top down / bottom up) these types of aid -Humanitarian -Development (ODA, OECD) -Project -Voluntary -Bilateral -Multilateral aid

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment Task 3: Evaluating real projects a) What criteria would you use to judge a projects success? Discuss in groups of two and come up with your criteria and a scoring system. Scale of project, social impact, economic impact (types – individual/ company), environmental impact, reach of project, debt level received etc etc

Evaluating Aid and Investment Projects In pairs evaluate each of the seven development projects on pages 207 -213 in turn using your criteria Use the template table to help Your will report your findings and evaluations in your pairs with an idea of which project was most successful according to your criteria and which was least.

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment Project -Scale -BU / TD -Aid, investment or populist? Information Where, when, players involved, money and source of finance Criteria and details Criteria and details Overall score/ evaluation

Reducing the gap: Aid and Investment “ Which are most effective in achieving development; Aid, investment or populist policies? ” Essay question: “Evaluate which is the most effective means of achieving development: aid, investment or populist policies. ” (15)

Free trade or fair trade geofile

Fairtrade: sole. Rebels, Ethiopia • Started by Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. • • sole. Rebels began in 2004 as an idea: to bring jobs to the community, Zenabwork, a small village in Ethiopia, a place where there literally were none. Using the community’s incredible artisan skills and channelling them into a sustainable, global, fair trade footwear business. The sole. Rebels brand is being enjoyed by people in over 30 countries around the world. They could source and make almost ALL the materials locally, thereby creating an export product from 100% local inputs. This allowed them to make the traditional local shoe made from a recycled car tire, that has existed in Ethiopia for a LONG time and modernise it a bit for fashion! Collections of super. Fresh, comfy + cool sandals, flip flops and shoes featuring recycled car tire soles and an array of recycled and sustainable ingredients like hand spun + hand loomed organic fabrics and a pallete of unique natural fibers including organic pure abyssinian jutes and PURE Abyssinian KOBA are proving to be very popular. Advertised in Oprah magazine, sold online and even sold by Amazon