RECURRENT NOVA T Pyx A NORMAL NOVA ERUPTION

RECURRENT NOVA T Pyx: A NORMAL NOVA ERUPTION ~1866 1994 2007 Shell ejected in 1866± 5 Vexpansion for shell is 500 -715 km/s Mshell is 10 -4. 5 M } Classical Nova Eruption In 1866 MWD dominated by ejections of regular nova events, so is losing mass Short-Porb recurrent novae are not SN progenitors

GET Mejecta FROM PERIOD CHANGE ACROSS ERUPTIONS Mejecta = (MWD/A)*( P/P)

U SCO 2010 ERUPTION: LARGE PERIOD CHANGE 0. 020 2010 Eruption U SCO 0. 015 O-C (days) 0. 010 0. 005 0. 000 -0. 005 -0. 010 2456300 Julian Date • P = (27. 6 ± 1. 4) x days • Mejecta = (27. 7 ± 1. 4) x 10 -6 M • T = 10. 9 years, M = (0. 1± 0. 05) x 10 -6 M /yr 10 -6

T PYX 2011 ERUPTION: LARGE PERIOD CHANGE T Pyx 0. 035 0. 030 O-C (days) 0. 025 0. 020 0. 015 0. 010 Start of 2011 Eruption 0. 040 0. 005 0. 000 -0. 005 2454400 2454800 2455200 2455600 Julian Date • P = (4. 0 ± 0. 3) x 10 -6 days • Mejecta = (58. 8 ± 5. 5) x 10 -6 M • T = 44. 3 years, M = (0. 1± 0. 05) x 10 -6 M /yr 2456000 2456400

CI AQL 2000 ERUPTION: SUBSTANTIAL PERIOD CHANGE 0. 015 O-C (days) 0. 005 0. 000 2000 Eruption 0. 010 CI Aql -0. 005 -0. 010 -0. 015 -0. 020 2448000 2449000 2450000 2451000 2452000 2453000 2454000 2455000 2456000 Julian Date • P = (1. 5 ± 1. 0) x 10 -6 days • Mejecta = (2. 9 ± 2. 0) x 10 -6 M • T = 24 years, M = (0. 1± 0. 05) x 10 -6 M /yr

RECURRENT NOVA WHITE DWARFS ARE EJECTING MORE MASS THAN THEY ARE ACCRETING RNe Year Mejecta(10 -6 M) -6 M ) MDT(10 Mejecta/MDT U Sco 2010 27. 7± 1. 4 1. 1 25 T Pyx 2011 58. 8± 5. 5 4. 4 13 CI Aql 2000 2. 9± 2. 0 2. 4 1. 2 RNe WDs losing mass RNe will not become Type Ia supernova

HALF OF THE RECURRENT NOVAE ARE NEON NOVAE Mason et al. 2012, A&A NEON NOVAE Fe. II NOVAE U Sco T Cr. B RS Oph V 394 Cr. A YY Dor V 3890 Sgr Nova LMC 2009 IM Nor A neon nova cannot have its WD gaining mass, because it is dredging up new material each eruption. A neon nova must have an underlying ONe. Mg WD and cannot become a supernova, because it is not the required CO white dwarf. Half-or-more of RN will not become supernovae

RN SUMMARY SO FAR: T Pyx MS companion ✖ WD is losing mass IM Nor MS companion ✖ CN eruption means WD is losing mass V 2487 Oph Subgiant companion U Sco Subgiant companion ✖ ✖ ONe. Mg WD, WD losing mass CI Aql Subgiant companion WD is losing mass V 394 Cr. A Subgiant companion T Cr. B Red Giant companion RS Oph Red Giant companion ✖ ONe. Mg WD V 745 Sco Red Giant companion V 3890 Sgr Red Giant companion

THE COMPANION STAR CAN DISTINGUISH THE PROGENITOR Double Recurrent Degenerate Novae Pre-eruption companion to WD WD Post-eruption. . . none. . . ex-companion Symbiotic Stars Helium Stars Persistent Supersoft Sources Red Giant, Red Giant Hi-Lum. Subgiant, star ‘core’ >1. 2 M MS MS

SNR 0509 -67. 5 FINAL 3 -s ERROR CIRCLE IS EMPTY OF POINT SOURCES TO V=26. 9 3 -s error circle: Measurement Error + Orbital Velocity + Kicks

THE UTTER LACK OF ANY EX-COMPANION RULES OUT ALL MODELS EXCEPT THE DOUBLE DEGENERATE Schaefer & Pagnotta 2012, Nature Limiting mag of V=26. 9 MV=8. 4 (K 9 on main sequence) ✖✖✖✖ Double Recurrent Degenerate Novae Post-eruption. . . none. . . ex-companion Symbiotic Stars Helium Stars Persistent Supersoft Sources Red Giant, Red Giant Hi-Lum. Subgiant, star ‘core’ >1. 2 M MS MS

TWO MORE LMC TYPE Ia SN REMNANTS HAVE NO RED GIANT or SUBGIANT EX-COMPANIONS Edwards, Pagnotta, & Schaefer 2012, Ap. JLett SNR 0519 -69. 0 SN 1006 HAS NO RED GIANT EX -COMPANION Gonzalez-Hernandez et al. 2012, Nature SNR 0505 -67. 9

SN 2011 fe HAS NO RED GIANT COMPANION Li et al. 2011, Nature Lack of any counterpart on pre-eruption HST images proves the companion cannot be a luminous red giant or a luminous Helium star. Li et al. (2011) (ar. Xiv)

NO ‘KASEN EFFECT’ IN 235 SUPERNOVAE MEANS NO RED GIANT COMPANION Kasen 2010, Ap. J Supernova Survey # supernova # with Kasen effect SDSS 108 0 100 0 61 0 Hayden et al. 2010, Ap. J SNLS Bianco et al. 2011, Ap. J LOSS Ganeshalingam et al. 2010, Ap. J

NO EMISSION FROM EJECTA/WIND COLLISION MEANS NO RED GIANT COMPANION Wavelength Instrument # supernova # with emission X-ray Swift 53 0 Ultraviolet Swift 12 0 Radio VLA 46 0 Radio EVLA 1 (SN 2011 fe) 0 Russell & Immler 2012, Ap. JLett Brown et al. 2012, Ap. J Hancock et al. 2011, Ap. J Chomiuk et al. 2012, Ap. J BUT: A few SNe (PTF 11 kx, SN 2002 ic, & SN 2005 gj) show variable narrow emission lines that are a clear hall mark of interaction with a circumstellar medium 0. 1% - 1% of progenitors are Symbiotic Stars

SCORECARD FOR RED GIANT COMPANIONS: # Supernova Examined # with Red Giants SNR 0509 -67. 5 1 0 2 LMC SNRs 2 0 Tycho’s & SN 1006 2 0 SN 2011 fe 1 0 No Kasen Effect 269 x 10% 0 No Wind/Ejecta Collision 112 0 _____ 145 ___ 0

RN SUMMARY: T Pyx MS companion ✖ ✖ WD is losing mass IM Nor MS companion CN eruption means WD is losing mass V 2487 Oph Subgiant companion ✖No subgiant companions U Sco Subgiant companion ✖ ✖ ONe. Mg WD, WD losing mass CI Aql Subgiant companion WD is losing mass V 394 Cr. A Subgiant companion ✖No subgiant companions T Cr. B Red Giant companion ✖ ✖ No red giant companions RS Oph Red Giant companion ONe. Mg WD V 745 Sco Red Giant companion No red giant companions V 3890 Sgr Red Giant companion No red giant companions

GENERALIZING – IF ONE CLASS DOMINATEs: Double Recurrent Degenerate Novae First Progenitor Class SNR 0509 center is empty No Red Giants Symbiotic Stars No Red Giants Helium Stars No Hi-L stars Persistent Supersoft Sources SNR 0509 center is empty ✓✖✖✖✖ Neon WDs, Mejecta too high No Kasen effect

GENERALIZING – IF TWO CLASSES DOMINATE: Double Recurrent Degenerate Novae First Progenitor Class SNR 0509 center is empty No Red Giants Symbiotic Stars No Red Giants No Hi-L stars No Red Giants No Kasen effect No Hi-L stars Persistent Supersoft Sources SNR 0509 center is empty ✓✖✖✖✖ ? Neon WDs, Mejecta too high Second Progenitor Class ? ? ? Helium Stars Different from first class No Red Giants Neon WDs, Mejecta too high No Kasen effect

CONCLUSIONS: Two RNe have Mejecta>>MDT Half of the RNe are neon nova T Pyx had a classical nova eruption in 1866 and is fast exiting the RN phase SNR 0509 -67. 5 has an empty central region to MV= +8. 4 DOUBLE DEGENERATE SYM BIO TIC Out of a sample of 145 SNe, 0 have red giant companions (with similar but weaker restrictions for subgiant companions) SUPERSOFT? or DOUBLE DEGENERATE