Reconstruction The rebuilding of the United States after

Reconstruction The rebuilding of the United States after the Civil War

LIST AS MANY CAUSES AND EFFECTS AS YOU CAN OF THE CIVIL WAR

“Burnt Richmond” “Lincoln’s Procession” “Locomotive Ruins” in Petersburg/Richmond

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR n n n n n Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364, 000 soldiers. The South lost 260, 000 soldiers. creation of a single unified country abolition of slavery-13 th Amendment Dec 6 th, 1865 increased power of fed. gov't U. S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to settlement a deep hatred of the North remained. . South was economically and physically devastated n n the plantation system crippled War destroyed 2/3 of South’s shipping industry + 9, 000 miles of railroad.

The struggles in the South By the end of the Civil War… n n n Black Southerners began lives as newly freedmen in a poor region with slow economic activity. Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion. Poor white Southerners: job competition due to newly freedmen.

What are the BIG, KEY questions that would have to be answered following the Civil War? Now that the Union won the war, what issues are they going to be faced with?

Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? Pardon or punish? 2. How do we rebuild the South? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen?

Reconstruction n When? 1865 to 1877 By Who? The federal government will carry it out Purpose? To create a plan that would repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union.

How Lincoln tries to answer the questions n 1863 he issues the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction n n He outlined his plan on reunion y t s e n n m A rdo pa This plan was called the “ 10 Percent Plan” o t =

Lincoln’s 10% Plan In order to be “re-admitted” into the Union: n n Confederate Governments had to disband A pardon would be issued to any Confederate who would take an oath of loyalty to the United States, and accept the federal policy on slavery (which was that slavery would be abolished). Pardons denied to high-ranking Confederate officers and gov’t officials n Pardons denied to southerners who had killed African American War prisoners n

Once 10 % of 1860 eligible voters are pardoned states would then… n n hold a constitutional convention, for the purpose of creating a new state constitution (which would have to conform to the Constitution of the United States). hold elections and resume full participation in the Union. n No former leaders of Confederacy or high ranking officers could be a part of the new government **Once “readmitted”, Lincoln would protect their property, not their slaves!

Lincoln’s plan was forgiving n In Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address March, 1865, he said the following: “With malice toward none, with charity for all, . . . let us strive on to finish the work we are in, . . . to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. ”

Was Lincoln’s Plan a Success? n 1864 - 3 states under Union occupation set up governments under the plan n n Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee Once representative were chosen for Congress n CONGRESS REJECTED THEM **if re-a the n th dmitte d a rep res t state unde r Li ent w o atio n n in uld no coln’s Con t get pla n gre ss s a w ted s n a a l o w n c si n n Li sas pla on p s a u A re d o ee f be gr

Those who were unhappy with Lincoln’s Plans became known as the Radical Republicans Lincoln was too lenient on the south and the south needed to be punished n saw it as a threat to their Congressional Authority. n n It’s Congress’s job to make laws, not the president’s! Lincoln “should confine himself to his executive duties— to obey and execute, not make the laws…and leave political reorganization to Congress. ”

Thaddeus Stevens: Leading radical in the House Charles Sumner: Leading radical in the Senate They created the following plan. . .

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) « Required the majority, over 50%, of number voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). « Required a state constitutional convention. « banned former Confederates from holding public office Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD) « New state Constitutions had to accept Emancipation « Gave newly freedmen civil liberties EXCEPT the right to vote « Promised to redistribute southern land Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH)

What happened to the Wade. Davis Bill? n Lincoln let the bill die in a pocket veto. n How does a pocket veto occur? Typically, if president does not sign bill within 10 days it automatically becomes law n But…. if Congress adjourns/leaves within those 10 days and is not signed then it does not become law n

How a bill is passed Congress creates a law Congress votes on law (majority) President of U. S. Yes Veto (no) President ignores Pocket Veto 10 days Congress goes into recess bill Congress 2/3 vote override

Why use a pocket veto? Re-elections are coming up n Doesn’t get accused of saying “No” n Can’t go back to Congress for 2/3 override n

Freedmen’s Bureau n Created by Congress March, 1865 to help black and poor white southerners adjust to freedom Offers clothing, medical supplies, and food to war refugees n Built schools, offered teacher training… n n Over 250, 000 African Amer students received their first former education through the Bureau schools. Created job opportunities n redistributed additional confiscated land to former slaves and poor whites. . n n leased 40 acres could purchase later

How were things left before Lincoln was assassinated? n n No decisions were made At the end of the Civil War, in the spring of 1865… Lincoln and Congress were on the brink of a political showdown with their competing plans for Reconstruction……. and then….

Lincoln’s hopes of forgiveness end n n n Weeks after his Second Inauguration, April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated at the Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confed soldier plotted with others to first kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for prisoners. Failed Vice President Andrew Johnson replaced Lincoln as President

O Captain! My Captain!

MAKE A T-CHART ON THE FOLLOWING AND INCLUDE 10 NOTES FOR EACH JOHNSON’S ACTIONS/BELIEFS ACTIONS CONGRESS’S/BELIEFS https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=BJLBr. D STgng

Restoration n Johnson’s plan would grant amnesty to most Southerners once they swore loyalty to the Union n High-ranking Confederates could be pardoned only by appealing to the president…why? Could hold constitutional conventions without Lincoln’s 10%-no requirement States could hold elections and rejoin Union if… n denounced secession n And ratified the 13 th amendment (Abolished slavery in the US) n AND repudiate(reject) Confederate debt

Under Johnson’s Administration n HE: Believed “white men alone must manage the South n Opposed equal rights for African Americans n n As State Governments were restored… n Confederates recently pardoned quickly passed laws severely restricting African Americans newly found freedom. n This allowed….

Black Codes n n Enacted black codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these:

Black Codes: to regulate social & economic lives CAN Marry Blacks Ø Sue in court Ø Own property Ø Go to school Ø CANNOT Serve on a jury Ø Carry a weapon Ø Testify against Whites Ø Marry Whites Ø Stay out after sunset Ø Travel w/o permit Ø Own a business Ø Commit Vagrancy Ø Live in urban areas Ø

Northern Republicans in Congress ANGERED by Codes n n Mad that southerners defied goal of Reconstruction Blamed President Johnson for the return of southern democratic power

Powers Congress used to change this problem 1) 2) Amended the constitution. If vetoed by Johnson, they would override it!

Civil Rights Bill of 1866 1. Give Blacks citizenship 2. Forbid the passing of discriminatory laws --This outlawed THE BLACK CODES--

Congress Breaks with the President « Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. « February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. « March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. « Congress overrides Johnson’s vetoes! Passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1 st in U. S. history!!

The Fourteenth Amendment n Ratifed July 1868, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment, which states: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States…are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges… of citizens of the United States… nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law …” n Made protection of Civil Rights part of the Constitution

Johnson’s Response n n Continued to oppose equal rights for African Americans. Urged states not to ratify the 14 th Amendment

Angry Northern Voters Respond to Johnson’s Stupidity Johnson is going down…. n n Elect Radical Republicans into office Now Radicals could put their own Reconstruction Plans into action!

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 called for “reform not revenge, ” passed by the Radicals in Congress. These were its key provisions: 1. Put Southern states under military rule 1. 5 districts each run by northern general 2. Southern states would have to create new state constitutions. 3. Suffrage for all men 4. Supporters of the Confederacy were temporarily barred from voting. 5. Southern states were required to guarantee equal rights to all citizens. 6. All states were required to ratify the 13 th and 14 th Amendments.

Split up South into 5 military districts

Quiz n n 3 differences about Lincoln’s, Johnson’s and Rad Rep of 1867 Plan Fill in total of 5 similarities

Lincoln’s Plan If they had 3 out of the following 5 bullets =100% Minus 2 pts each one they miss n n n Didn’t pardon high-ranking military and gov’t officials Didn’t pardon Confederates who killed Af Amer POWS 10% of voters must be pardoned to hold Const Convention and elections Protected Southern property/land No confed leaders in new gov’t

Johnson’s Plan If they have 3 of the following 4 bullets then 100% Minus 2 pts each one they miss n All could be pardoned n If high rank then humiliated n Could hold Constitutional Conventions without any requirements n For elections: Had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate debt n Most lenient plan

Radical Reconstruction Plan n n n Divided South into 5 military districts Each district ruled by a northern general All qualified males could vote, including African Americans Those who supported Confederacy could not vote Southern States must guarantee equal rights for all Ratify the 14 th amendment. Punished the South

Similarities between Lincoln and Radical Republicans n Limitations or Restrictions on Confederates

Similarities between Lincoln and Johnson n n Didn’t include Civil Liberties/rights Had restrictions on high-ranking Confederates Gave pardons Made confeds sign oath of allegiance BOTH LENIENT

Similarities Between All n n Created new state Constitutions Ratify the 13 th amendment Goal was to rebuild the South All held elections

SCORE Venn Diagram ___/28 n 2 PTS FOR EACH BULLET YOU GET RIGHT! Total: 3 differences per plan = 18 pts Total of 5 Similarities = 10 pts

Important men Johnson better watch out for n n n Thaddeus Stevens: a Pennsylvania Congressman, led the Radical charge that would threaten to bring down Johnson. Charles Sumner: Founder of the Republicans and sought voting right for all blacks. Edwin Stanton: Secretary of War and friends of the Radicals, would control military rule over the south

Bad Mr. President n In response to the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and not wanting a Radical to control the South, Johnson fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, without Senate consent n He was said to have violated the Tenure of Office Act passed by congress in 1867

Tenure of Office Act n A president may not replace a gov’t official who was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate without the Senate’s approval. which places limits on the President’s powers of who he can hire and fire b/c he needed Senate approval February 24, 1868 with of vote of 126 to 47, Johnson was impeached - charged with wrongdoing in the office–-by the House of Representatives. n n

The Senate Trial « 11 week trial. « Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 s vote).

"Shall I Trust These Men, And Not This Man? "

“He won the battle but lost the war” n n Johnson served the remaining months of his term with no mandate and no real power. In the following election of 1868, he was defeated by Ulysses S. Grant.

The Fifteenth Amendment + Impact n n In February 1869, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment, granted all men eligible to vote including, Arican American male. Ratified March 1870 During state elections angry white southern voters stayed home to protest blacks having the right to vote increase in black representation in the government.

Blackmen elected into office! n In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time. n More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislature n Louisiana gained a black governor n Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate. n Ironically, he replaced Jefferson Davis

The Republican South During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was split into two groups who both wanted to prosper in the Scalawags Carpetbaggers south. (“scrawny cattle”). Northern Republicans who moved South n Supported n Nickname came from Reconstruction arriving with a cheap n Some were small suitcase made from farmers who carpet scraps. resented the planter n Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy class. men seeking to grab n Many scalawags, but power or make a fast not all, were poor. buck. n

SCALAWAGS Southernern Republicans Wanted to end Slavery Wanted to Industrialize Considered Traitors Wanted to get Elected CARPETBAGGERS Northernern Republicans Liked the warm Climate Looking for Adventure Wanted to start Business Wanted to end Slavery

With the end of slavery, what would happen to southern agriculture?

Crop-Lien and Cash Crops n Crop-Lien: a credit system-crops for housing, food, clothes, etc… n n Lien = loan If crops failed then. . IN DEBT n Emphasis on Cash Crops: planters encouraged to grow cash crops, such as cotton, tobacco, corn. and sugar cane. n The South had to import much of its food.

n Sharecropping The most common new farming arrangement Sharecropping family would farm a portion of planter’s land (~10 acres) n In exchange, the sharecropper gave 1/3 of his crop n Planter usually provided housing, tools, mule, seeds for another 1/3 of crop n Planters owned the land so told them what to plant…. CASH CROPS n After giving planter 1/3 -2/3 rds of his crop, planter had little left to make income n Lacked incentive n Sharecroppers were stuck until paid off debt + interest n

Tenant farming n n If a sharecropper could save enough money, he could then become a Tenant farmer! Rented land could grow what he wanted

SHARECROPPING TENANT FARMING n n Mainly Freedmen in South Work on a portion of planter’s land Keep 1/3 -1/2 of yield Provided food, shelter, clothing, seeds, and farm equipment at a price n n n Mainly poor, white southerners Rented land After paying rent, kept the rest of his earnings Chose which crops to plant Chose when they wanted to work

2 impacts on South due to changes on farming Foc use cro d ps s on c nec o la ash ess c the ities k refo a re… nd n t r o p m i o t h t r n Had o n m o r f s good

Could the South be like the Industrialized North? n Southern cities did become more industrialized but never there bc n One problem: The items were shipped north to be made into finished products and sold. n Ex: Cotton: The value went from 713, 000 in 1860 to 3 mill in 1880 n n BUT the big profit went to the northern factories who dyed the fabric and sold the finished product. southern factories handled the earlier, less profitable stages of manufacturing.

Funding Reconstruction n The South’s Need: Rebuilding the South’s infrastructure, the public property and services that a society uses, Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines n public school systems by 1872. n n How to fulfill that need: Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes taxe paid for Reconstruction. Spending in debt by $130 mill. n Much of this big spending was lost to corruption. The corruption became so widespread that it even reached the White House.

Secret Societies Form

Terrorism emerges The Ku Klux Klan emerges n n n In 1866 a group of former Confederate soldiers of Pulaski, TN formed a secret society. Named Ku Klux Klan after the Greek word “Klukos” meaning circle. Dressed in masks and robes to symbolize the dead confederate soldiers who returned from the dead in search of their enemies of the south.

Ku Klux Klan n GOAL: n Opposed unions and supported prohibition “felt threatened by changes in American society” In 1868 killed 1000 just from Louisiana. n n to keep out “foreigners”

1867 -elected Nathan Bedford Forrest as leader

LYNCHING Why was it done? Ø Used as a scare tactic Ø Existence of a racist environment Ø Permissive government

LYNCHING 1880 – 1950 = 5, 000 killed with 70% being Black 1880 = 23 people every 2 ½ days Heaviest in Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Lousiana and Arkansas – What do they all have in common? Not restricted to South – for example: Zacharia Walker 1911 – Coatesville, PA

The Government responds to violence THE FORCE ACTS n A series of four acts passed by Republican Reconstruction supporters May 31, 187075 n Purpose: protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14 th and 15 th

Enforcement Act of 1870 n n One of the four Force Acts What is said: banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting bc of their race

Enforcement Act n n Purpose: protected blacks' right to vote, hold office, serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. How? Declare martial law, impose heavy penalties against terrorist groups, use military force to suppress the KKK

Leading up to the end of Reconstruction and the Compromise of 1877 n For question 32, change the date from 1872 to 1877 and include the following as answers: White supremacy n Violence n Corruption within the gov’t n Compromise of 1877 restore all power back to democrats (read next 2 slides for more!) n

Reconstruction fades away n Republican Rutherford B Hayes ran against Dem Samuel J Tilden n Tilden received majority of popular votes n It appeared he received majority of electoral BUT 20 disputed electoral votes n 20 disputed votes: bc federal troops still in a few states so Republicans controlled voting

Compromise of 1877 n North-South Compromise n Give Hayes the votes and Hayes will become president…. . IF…. n the North will pull federal troops out of South, n give confed general a seat in his cabinet, n support federal aid for economic and railroad development in the south, n allow southerners to handle race relations themselves.

Compromise of 1877 n n Support appropriations for building levees along Mississippi River and give huge subsidies to railrd Marked the end of Reconstruction, giving Democrats control of Southern politics

Many people question whether or not Reconstruction was a success or a failure? n n n What were the successes? What were the failures? Do you think Reconstruction was more of a success or failure?

Quick Overview

Enforcement Acts … to stop the Secret Societies 1. Federal supervision of elections 2. Pres. to declare martial law in areas of Klan ** Freedmen’s Bureau dies out… ** The Klan dies out. . . But then, the Amnesty Act Redemption begins

Hayes (R) vs. Tilden (D) 1876 • • • Dispute over 4 states D. scared away R. voters R. threw away D. votes Polls showed Hayes won Should have been Tilden Hayes could remain in office if…

Two goals of Reconstruction n Unify the North and South n Equality for Freedmen Where these goals achieved? ? ?

1 9 4 2

Lincoln’s plan Reconstruction Plans * Denied pardons to officers and anyone who had killed African American war prisoners. * Offered pardons to Southerners who swore allegiance * States could * Permitted each then hold state to create a new constitution elections and rejoin after 10 percent of the Union. voters took an oath of allegiance. Johnson’s plan * Each state could create a new constitution without Lincoln’s 10 percent allegiance requirement. * States had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the Confederate debt.

n n n Lincoln’s 10% Plan Pardons were issued to any Confederate who would take an oath of loyalty to the US Pardons denied to high-ranking Confederate officers and gov’t officials or southerners who had killed African American War prisoners Once 10 % of 1860 eligible voters are pardoned states would then… n Hold constitutional convention, to create a new state constitution based on US Constitution n Must include abolishing slavery hold elections and resume participation in Union. n No former leaders of Confederacy or high ranking officers could be a part of the new government *Once “readmitted”, Lincoln would protect their property, not their slaves!

JOHNSON’s Restoration Plan n Johnson’s plan would grant amnesty to most Southerners once they swore loyalty to the Union n High-ranking Confederates could be pardoned only by appealing to the president…why? Could hold constitutional conventions without Lincoln’s 10%-no requirement States could hold elections and rejoin Union if… n denounced secession n And ratified the 13 th amendment (Abolished slavery in the US) n AND repudiate(reject) Confederate debt

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 Put Southern states under military rule 1. 5 districts each run by northern general 2. Southern states would have to create new state constitutions. 3. Suffrage for all men 4. Supporters of the Confederacy were temporarily barred from voting and therefore run for elections. 5. Southern states were required to guarantee equal rights to all citizens. 6. All states were required to ratify the 13 th and 14 th Amendments. 1.