RECONSTRUCTION Republicans split over Reconstruction Radicals vs Moderates
RECONSTRUCTION
Republicans split over Reconstruction Radicals vs. Moderates
Radicals Want South & leaders punished *many disenfranchised *large plantations confiscated *vote to slaves
Lincoln’s 10% Plan *10% of voters from 1860 take loyalty oath *Those voters set up state gov *Vote to educated blacks & vets
Wade – Davis Plan *need majority of white males • Governor appointed by Pres. calls convention • Voted on by those who take ‘Ironclad Oath’
State must: *abolish slavery *disenfranchise Confederate military & civilian leaders *repudiate Confed. state debts
Lincoln sees a show
Powell fights Frederick Seward
Lewis Powell Mary Surratt George Atzerodt David Herold
Andrew Johnson
*Democrat *Tennessee *Poor – hates planter class *not in favor of rights for freeman
Northern opinion hardens: *assassination of Lincoln *Southern reluctance to abolish slavery *refuse Black suffrage *elect former Confederates
Georgia elects as Senator: Alexander Stephens
O. O. Howard
Freedman’s Bureau
Black Codes Try to get as close as possible to slavery *Arrested if unemployed *Charged with vagrancy *Fined, can work off fine at a plantation *can’t refuse a job *can’t quit without permission
13 th Amendment – 1865 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude. . . shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
th 14 st 1 Amendment definition of citizenship Born in the USA *Naturalized
All entitled to: equal protection under the law Bans anyone who took oath to uphold Constitution then rebelled
1866 election Rep Senate House 42 Dem 11 143 49 Most Republicans Radicals
Military/Radical Reconstruction *Tennessee allowed back in *5 military districts w/general *register all qualified voters: Black males White males not in rebellion
Steps to re-enter *vote for delegates *voters ratify constitution which includes black suffrage *hold elections th *new legislature ratifies 14 *restored to Union when enough states ratify
th 15 Amendment States can not deny vote to citizens because of: “race, color or previous condition of servitude”
Tenure of Office Act President can not remove any confirmed official w/o Senate approval
Command of the Army Act President can only issue military orders through the Commanding General of the Army, who can not be removed w/o approval
Impeachment of Johnson *Fired Sec. Of War Stanton *House votes 11 charges *Senate needs 36 votes to convict – has 42 Republicans
Vote on st 1 charge 35 to 19 Vote on nd 2 35 to 19 charge
Scalawags Southern Republicans *former Whigs *farmers in non-slave areas hope for internal improvements *Wealthy planter who want economic development
Carpetbaggers Northerners who come down for Reconstruction
Election of 1868 Republican Ulysses S. Grant
Democrat Horatio Seymour
Scandals of the Grant Administration
Credit Mobilier *Stockholder of Union Pacific *Overpriced & fraudulent contracts $$$$$ *Cost government *Bribe Congressmen to stop investigation *Schuyler Colfax took bribe now Vice President
Whiskey Ring Treasury officials and distillers cheat government out of taxes Includes Oliver E. Babcock Grant’s private secretary
Secretary of War William W. Belknap: Takes bribes from Indian post traders to keep positions
1872 Horace Greeley Nominee of Liberal Republicans and Democrats
Southern States ‘Redeemed’ States that had a white majority – upper South – gain control of state government without too much trouble Throw out the Republicans
Nathan Bedford Forrest Ku Klux Klan
Use intimidation on voters 1890’s average 187 lynching per year Use economic pressure: *won’t rent land *no credit in stores
Black Republicans National level 1869 -1900: 20 in House 2 in Senate State level: Lower House of South Carolina
Education By 1870 4000 schools established 200, 000 students ~12% of black Children
By 1876: 50% White 40% Black Attend school in the South
THE NEW SOUTH
Some look to diversify Southern Economy ‘Out Yankee the Yankees’ Promote thrift, industry & progress
*Southern textile industry grows *Tobacco-James Duke American Tobacco Co. *Expansion of Railroad
Few attempt to redistribute land White ownership down 80% 1860 67% 1876 Black ownership up to 20%
Why don’t Radicals take plantations away and give land to freed slaves? Republican businessmen against the idea.
Tenant Farming By 1900 70% of Southern Farmers Due to crop-lien
Types of Tenant Farming *Cash rent – farmer with supplies *Sharecroppers – farmer with nothing
Local stores give credit to purchase supplies Charge as high as 50% interest Have lien on crops Many farmers end up in permanent debt to store
Booker T. Washington Atlanta Compromise
PLESSY v. FERGUSON Separate but Equal "The object of the [Fourteenth] Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. "
South works to eliminate Black franchise *Poll tax *Literacy test Cuts black voting by 62%
Jim Crow Laws
Lynching in the South
By 1876 only 3 Reconstruction governments left: South Carolina Louisiana Florida
ELECTION OF 1876
Republicans dump Grant Select: Rutherford B. Hayes
Samuel Tilden Democrat Gov. of New York
Tilden wins popular vote by 300, 000
Dispute in 3 States over Electoral vote: South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida Only states still controlled by Reconstruction
Tilden needs 1 vote Hayes needs all the votes
Special Commission: 5 Senators 5 Representatives 5 Supreme Court Justices
Supreme Court Members: 2 Republicans 2 Democrats 1 Independent Really a Republican
Deal: Compromise of 1877 *Pull out troops from South *1 Southerner in Cabinet *Control Federal Patronage *Internal Improvements
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