Reconstruction Plans Terms Reconstruction The period after the

Reconstruction Plans

Terms Reconstruction- The period after the Civil War to rebuild the South Amnesty- A pardon or forgiveness of one’s actions. Radical- extreme/tougher actions. i. e. Radical Republicans- favored braking up South and reinventing it. Freedmen-former slaves, Freedman's Bureau est. to help former slaves

13 th Amendment/ Excluding Southern 13 th Amendment-made slavery illegal and granted freedom from slavery through out the United States. Lincoln and radical Republican wanted to exclude former Confederate officers from reconstruction plans because they wanted to punish them as traitors.

Reconstruction Plans 10% Plan Wade-Davis Bill n. Issued by Lincoln n. Radical Republicans n 10% of voters in state n 50% of white males in pledge loyalty to Union n. New constitution must ban slavery n. Lincoln wanted to give educated African American/ ones who served in army right to vote state pledge loyalty to Union n. Men who did not fight against Union could go to Convention. n. Former Confederates could not hold office n. New constitution must ban slavery

Lincoln Assassinated Johnson President April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s theater. Andrew Johnson becomes president. He wants to punish former slave holder and southern. Devise harsh plan known as Restoration

Restoration Most Southern granted amnesty once they swore loyalty. Refused office to wealthy landowner until they personally appealed to President. Southern states had to denounce slavery and ratify 13 th amendment. Southern states allowed to decide how to deal with newly freed African Americans By 1865 all Southern states but Texas were back in Union

Radicals in Control

African Americans’ Rights Black Codes-laws in the South that aimed to control freedmen and allow exploitation of AA by plantation owners. Examples-arrest unemployed AA and make them work to pay off fines, AA not allowed to own or rent land, make orphaned children work for free Slavery in disguise.

Challenging Black Codes Freedman Bureau given more power to hear cases of wrong doing. Civil Rights Act 1866 -Granted AA full citizenship and gave Fed. Gov’t the power to intervene in state matters. Overturned Black Codes and Dred Scott case. Johnson threatened to Veto laws, Congress had enough votes to override the veto and passed laws.

14 th Amendment granted AA full citizen and protect under the Civil Rights Act. Says no state can take away a citizen’s life, liberty and property without “due process of law” and everyone had “equal protection under the law”. Also added Confederate leaders couldn’t hold office unless pardoned by 2/3 of Congress. States had to ratify this amendment before admittance into the Union.

Radical Reconstruction Republicans won major victories and had control of both House and Senate. Reconstruction Act 18671)Diveded 10 Southern states into 5 military districts and under military control until new gov’t est. Made sure AA voted in elections. 2) Military commanders began registering votes to vote in new state constitutional conventions.

Readmission of States and Challenge to Johnson Many Southerners refused to participate in elections and Republican gained control of South By 1868 Alabama, AR, FL, GA, LA, N. C. & S. C. were readmitted. In 1870 MS, VA and TX readmitted. Johnson didn’t like radical reconstruction. Congress passed Tenure of Office Actprohibited the President from removing gov’t officials w/out Senate approval.

Impeaching the President Johnson violated Office of Tenure act when he removed Edwin Stanton as Sec of War. House of Rep decide to impeach Johnson because of this. Had impeachment trial but did not have enough votes to impeach Johnson. Stayed until term over

Election of 1868 15 th Amendment Republican choose Ulysses S. Grant as candidate. Democrats chose Horatio Seymour. Grant won. Passed 15 th Amendment in February 1870. It prohibited state and federal gov’t form denying male citizens right to vote based on “race, color, or condition of servitude.

The South during Reconstruction

African American in Government Hiran Revels- minister and Civil War veteran. Elected to the Senate form state of Mississippi. Blanche K. Bruceformer slave, became a Superintendent of schools and also served in Senate from Mississippi.

Scalawags & Carpetbaggers Scalawags-Southern whites who supported Republican Policy during reconstruction. Hated by former Confederates Carpetbaggers-Northerns who moved South to support Reconstruction, usually former Union soldiers or members of freedmen bureau.

Resistance to Reconstruction Many Southerners refused African Americans there freedom, to rent land, give them credit or help them out in any way. Ku Klux Klan-Used violence and terror to keep African American from gaining any kind of freedom. Also targeted whites who helped them. Government tried to stops these acts of violence with little success.

Some Improvements Education was improved and public schools established. African American and white students went to different schools except in Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida were they were integrated and went to school together.

Farming Beside education, African Americans wanted land. Hard to get own land. Sharecropping-Landowners, rent land equipment to African Americans in return to a percentage of the $$ received for crops. Whites overcharged AA and many had little left over after dept was settled.

Changes in the South

Reconstructions Declines Northerners started losing interest, radical prejudice in North, radical republican became to die off, fade away Corruption in Grants Administration led to split in republican party, Liberal democrats supported reconciling w/ south and supported Horace Greeley for President Amnesty Act-1872 pardon most former Confederates

End of Reconstruction Democratic party starts gaining political power, sometimes through violence. Election of 1876 -Grant decides not to run. Rutherford B. Hayes (rep) vs. Samuel Tilden (dem). Popular vote went to Tilden but needed electoral vote. Special commission to decide who would be president.

Compromise of 1877 South allow Hayes to be president and promises to maintain African American rights in return for favors for the South. More aid to south, remove federal troops, leave south alone. Reconstruction over.

Changes in South Redeemers made place for themselves, they saved South from republican rule, also sided with KKK and other violent groups. Need new industry based on coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, lumber to help economy. South now Manufactures the cotton and tobacco instead of just growing it.

Changes in South Cont. Iron and steel mills appear in south. Due to the Bessemer process-an inexpensive way to produce iron from steel. Factories now made way into the south. Expand types of crops gown on farms. Quickest way to get $$ was to grow crops that generated cash-Cash Crops. Cotton

Ways to prevent 15 th amendment for African Americans. Poll Taxes-pay fee to vote Literacy test- prove they could read Grandfather Clause-since the literacy test could prevent some whites from voting a grandfather clause was created. If you could prove your father or grandfather voted you could vote. AA could not use this

Jim Crow Laws By 1890 segregation was everywhere. Jim Crow laws were a set of laws that states the races must be separated everywhere. Plessy V Ferguson upheld Jim Crow laws in the Federal Court. Lynching, violence, KKK also discourages AA from voting