Reconstruction 1863 1877 USHC 3 3 Analyze the

Reconstruction 1863 -1877 USHC 3. 3 Analyze the effects of Reconstruction on the southern states and on the role of the federal government, including the impact of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments on opportunities for African Americans. Color Palette by Gamehen. Graphics

With Malice Toward None… “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds… to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. ” -- Abraham Lincoln Second Inaugural Address March 4, 1865 MAGNANIMOUS

10% PLAN 10% of 1860 Voters 1. Oath to the U. S. 2. Accept Emancipation YOU’RE IN!!! Louisiana and Arkansas Re-admitted

Sic Semper Tyrannis!

Johnson’s Reconstruction President Andrew Johnson continued Lincoln’s lenient Reconstruction plan.

African Americans during Presidential Reconstruction • • Thirteenth Amendment Freedmen’s Bureau Sharecropping Black Codes FRANCHISE And Not This Man?

Thirteenth Amendment Ratified December 6, 1865 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS: 13 14 15

DEBT : The New Slavery Sharecropping Tenant Farming

Black Codes Passed in many Southern states to restrict the activities of freedmen

Freedmen’s Bureau Established by Congress in 1865 to help former slaves. – Education – Healthcare – Job Placement From Harper’s Weekly, 1868

A Tale of Two Reconstructions Presidential Congressional (aka, Radical)

“Radical” Republicans GOALS: 1. Punish the South. 2. Protect African Americans. Thaddeus Stevens (PA) HOUSE

Conquere d Provinces The Radicals proposed dividing the former Confederate states (minus Tennessee) into five military districts.

Reconstruction 1867 -1868 Acts 1 2 3 Military IMMEDIATE Forced Ratification Occupation of the South Suffrage for African Americans of the Fourteenth Amendment Photo Credits: Peter Clark (soldier) Fut. Und. Beidl (ballot box)

An Exercise in Futility Congress overrode all of Johnson’s vetoes of the Reconstruction Acts. 2/3

Impeachment Photo Credit: Nancy Lehrer

IMPEACHMENT By the Numbers 2– 1– 0

2 Presidents have been impeached by Congress. Photo Credit: Nancy Lehrer

1 President has resigned from office.

0 Presidents have been removed from office.

But Johnson was only ONE vote shy.

Fourteenth Amendment Ratified July 9, 1868 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States … are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS: 13 14 15

Fifteenth Amendment Ratified February 3, 1870 Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS: 13 14 15

Reconstruction Amendments THIRTEENTH Abolition of Slavery FOURTEENTH 1. Birthright Citizenship 2. Equal Protection 3. Punish Confederates FIFTEENTH Black [Male] Suffrage RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS: 13 14 15

Reconstruction in the South 1867 -1877 USHC 3. 4 Summarize the end of Reconstruction, including the role of anti–African American factions and competing national interests in undermining support for Reconstruction; the impact of the removal of federal protection for freedmen; and the impact of Jim Crow laws and voter restrictions on African American rights in the post-Reconstruction era.

Carpetbag

“Carpetbaggers” Nickname applied by Southern whites to people who migrated South after the Civil War

The “Carpetbagger” Stereotype Click to play!

“Carpetbaggers” Individual carpetbaggers’ goals were diverse: • • Power Opportunity Wealth Service

Educating Freedmen and Women Hampton Institute (VA) Late Nineteenth Century Although many carpetbaggers went South to seek fortune and political office, many went South to educate freedmen and women.

The Republican Coalition in the South “Carpetbaggers ” “Scalawags” Freedmen

Resistanc e to Reconstruction

The (First) Ku Klux Klan 1865 -1874 Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, CSA Vigilantism

Restoration of Southern “Home Rule” 1869 -1877 1870 1869 1877 1874 1876 1874 1873 1871 1877

1874 Northern public opinion turns against Radical Reconstruction. Perception of “Colored Rule” and corruption in the South under Carpetbag state governments http: //blackhistory. harpweek. com/7 illustra tions/reconstruction/coloredrule. htm

1874 Congressional Elections U. S. House of Representatives 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 VOTERS REACT TO: • Bad Economy • Political Corruption • Reconstruction Policy Republicans 1872 1874 Democrats

Democratic Platform Election of 1876 Republican Platform Tilden: 184 Hayes: 166 Disputed: 19 FTW: 185 1868 1872 1876

http: //elections. harpweek. com/controversy. htm

Compromise of 1877 DISPUTED ELECTION Samuel Tilden (D-NY) 184 166 Rutherford B. Hayes (R-OH) 185 “Rutherfraud”

“Redeemer” Governments Southern White “Bourbon” Democrats re-assert authority “Solid South” – DEMOCRATIC STRONGHOLD • Republican Party a non-entity in Southern politics until the 1960 s Gov. Wade Hampton (SC)

The “Solid South” Almost 50 Years Later

Jim Crow “Jim Crow” Laws Racial Segregation and Voting Restrictions Literacy Tests Poll Tax Designed to keep Black citizens from voting Grandfather Clause

The Supreme Court and Civil Rights (Late Nineteenth Century) In the late 19 th century, the Supreme Court upheld Jim Crow, as well as restrictions on voting (since these restrictions did not explicitly discriminate based on race).

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • Louisiana Racial Segregation Case • “Separate But Equal” • Overturned by Brown v. Board 14 (1954)