Reconstruction 1863 1877 Period 5 1844 1877 Ch

Reconstruction, 1863 -1877 Period 5 (1844 -1877) Ch. 15 AP U. S. History

Think About It ► To what extent did Reconstruction maintain continuity and foster change in American politics and society?

Reconstruction, Phase 1 Lincoln’s Plan ► Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) § Full presidential pardons for 1. Oath of allegiance, ► 2. Accept end of slavery ► § Ten Percent Plan ► Confederate state reestablished once 10% of voters affirmed allegiance and loyalty Wade-Davis Bill (1864) ► Second Inaugural Address § “with malice toward none; with charity for all” ► Lincoln’s Assassination § April 14, 1865 ►

Freedmen’s Bureau ► Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865 ► Food, shelter, medicine for freed blacks and displaced whites ► Education of blacks and colleges ► Viciously attacked and ridiculed by Northern racists and bitter Southerners

Andrew Johnson (D) (1865 -1869) ► Politics § War Democrat § Defender of Poor Whites ► Resented planter class § White supremacist ► Major Issues § Reconstruction § Impeachment

Reconstruction, Phase 2 Andrew Johnson’s Plan ► Reconstruction Plan § Very similar to Lincoln’s 10% Plan § No pardons for Confederate leaders and owned $20, 000 taxable property § Admitted Confederate states with appointed governors who established voting procedures for state legislatures § States must abolish slavery and secession clauses from state constitutions ► Effects § Johnson ended up pardoning many wealthy planters; constantly overriding his own plan. § Former confederates elected to office, including the U. S. Congress § All Confederate states came back to the Union relatively fast § Black codes enacted

The Radical Republicans ► Radicals § Thaddeus Stevens (House) § Charles Sumner (Senate) ► Republicans took control of Congress, didn’t allow newly elected Southerners into D. C. , passed new laws for state admittance ► Midterm Election of 1866 § “Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat!” § Republicans won supermajorities in both houses of Congress Anti-Radical Republican propaganda Pennsylvania, 1866

Reconstruction, Phase 3 Radical Republican Plan ► ► ► Fourteenth Amendment (1868) § Anyone born or naturalized was American citizen (Citizenship Clause) § “nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law” (Due Process Clause) § “nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” (Equal Protection Clause) § Disavowed Confederate leaders; cancelled war debts of ex-Confederate states; loss of electoral votes for disenfranchisement Reconstruction Acts of 1867 § Military districts § New state constitutions approved by Congress § Black suffrage guarantees § Ratification of the 14 th Amendment Fifteenth Amendment (1870) § Right to vote for blacks

Election of 1868 Ulysses S. Grant (R) ► Horatio Seymour (D) ►

Northern Influence on the South ► Scalawags § Southern Republicans fostering American Systemtype programs § Cooperated with Northern politics and economics ► Carpetbaggers § Northerners investing in “New South, ” § Reformers/provide aid § Squatters and plunderers

Freedmen in the South ► Political Recognition § Voting Rights § Affiliated with Republican Party § Public Office ► ► ► 2 U. S. Senators 14 U. S. Representatives 630 black state legislators Black governor of Louisiana Desire for Autonomy and Opportunity § Independent churches § Public schools ► Slavery By Another Name § Sharecropping

Sharecropping ► ► ► 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers Crop-lien system Tenant farming

Ulysses S. Grant (R) (1869 -1877) Civil War hero, but no political experience; linked with moderates and Radicals ► Greed and Corruption ► § Spoils System § Credit Mobilier Union Pacific Railroad creates dummy construction company to hire execs at inflated salaries and earn high dividends ► Sold stock to Republican congressmen and bribed press to keep quiet ► § Whiskey Ring ► Republicans embezzled liquor tax revenues using bribes and networks

White Southern Resistance ► White Supremacy Paramilitary Groups § The South Will Rise Again! § Ku Klux Klan (1867) ► ► Nathaniel Bedford Forrest Amnesty Act of 1872 § Allowed most southerners to vote again; re-established Democrat control of the South “The Union as it Was” Thomas Nast, Harper’s Weekly October 1874

Election of 1872

“Election” of 1876 Samuel Tilden (D) ► ► ► Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Republicans struggle to nominate “boring” Rutherford B. Hayes Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral vote for majority Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida) Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes § Split ideologically 8 -7 in favor of Republicans

Compromise of 1877 ► Hayes will become president, if… § Remove federal troops from the South § Help develop infrastructure in South, ex. Railroads § Appoint Southerner to Cabinet § Limited enforcement of racial equality And that’s exactly what happened; Reconstruction formerly ends in 1877 with Hayes’ election. The North left the South alone and never looked back…until the 1960 s.