Recognizing Different Sports Injuries TYPES OF INJURIES ACUTE

Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

TYPES OF INJURIES ACUTE Caused by trauma l Happens immediately l CHRONIC Caused by overuse l Happens over time l

FRACTURES DEFINITION - Break in the continuity of the bone l Can range from a crack to crushing of the bone

FRACTURES Can be an open or closed fracture l l Open l AKA “compound fracture” l Bone is exposed through the skin Closed l Unexposed fracture

TYPES OF FRACTURES Transverse l l Fracture occurs in a straight line, perpendicular to the bone shaft Cause – direct blow

TYPES OF FRACTURES Longitudinal Bone splits lengthwise through the shaft l Cause – landing a jump from good height l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Oblique Is diagonal across the bone l Cause – twisting with one end stabilized l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Spiral S-shaped fracture up the bone l Cause – similar to oblique fracture, twisting with one end planted or stabilized l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Impacted Bone is compressed and therefore shortened l Cause – landing from a great height l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Comminuted Three or more fragments of bone l Cause – direct blow or falling awkwardly l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Depressed Occurs in flat bones (ex. skull) where the bones are pushed in/depressed l Cause – direct blow with hard object l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Greenstick l l l Incomplete fracture through the bone Common in adolescents They are called greenstick because these fractures are similar to the branches of trees during the spring/summer – they bend but do not break

TYPES OF FRACTURES Blowout Fracture of the orbit of the eye l Cause - Direct blow to the eye l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Avulsion Ligament or tendon pulls away part of the bone l Cause – sudden twist or stretch l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Contrecoup Occurs on opposite side of where force was directed l In skull, object hits one side and forces internal structures to other side causing a fracture. l

TYPES OF FRACTURES Stress Chronic injury, results from repetitive stress and fatigue l Malnourishment or poor biomechanics can lead to these fractures l Most common in weight bearing bones l

Healing of a fracture Immobilization, 4 -6 wks leg and arm, 3 -6 smaller bones, hand or feet A callus (new bone) forms over a fracture l Osteoblasts – bone forming cells Osteo means bone l Blast means forming l Osteoclasts – absorbs bone tissue l function to reshape bone and respond to normal stress and strain after cast is removed

OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES These are injuries where layers of the skin are exposed or injured Abrasion Commonly known as a scrape l Scraping or rubbing away of layer or layers of the skin l

OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Puncture wound l Object penetrates layer(s) of the skin

OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Laceration Irregular, jagged cut of skin l Usually required stitches l

OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Incision Skin is sharply cut, clean lines of incision l Think of surgical scars l

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Blister l Traction on skin separates layers of skin and it fills with fluid

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Contusion Bruise l Bleeding under skin that produces discoloration l MOI – direct blow l l ACUTE

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Myositis ossificans Stems from a hematoma – collection of blood in a restricted area l The hematoma leads to inflammation of the muscle that leads to bone formation (ossification) Hard to get rid of Common in soccer players CHRONIC

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments Sprain – injury to joint structures (ligaments, joint capsules) Results from abnormal motion l Graded in severity on a scale of 1 -3 l

SPRAIN 1 st degree sprain Mild stretching of fibers but nothing is weakened or unstable l Mild pain and swelling and out 1 -2 weeks l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments 2 nd degree sprain Moderate l Some tearing of tissues – partial tear l Mild instability l Will heal with scar tissue l Moderate pain and swelling l Out 4 -6 weeks l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments 3 rd degree sprain Complete tear of the ligament l Initially painful, but it can subside l Ligaments cannot repair if completely torn l Completely unstable joint l Recovery is dependent upon surgical technique used to replace ligament l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments Dislocation Complete disruption in normal articulation of a joint l 3 rd degree sprain l MOI – abnormal motion l Goes out and stays out l May involve a fracture as well l Fingers and shoulder are most common l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Joints and Ligaments Subluxation Partial dislocation l Either starts to go out of joint and reduces itself or there is a partial articulation of the joint l Will still involve tissue tearing to some extent l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons Strain l l Injury to muscle or tendon unit Also graded on a scale of 3 with regards to severity

STRAINS 1 st DEGREE STRAIN l l l Mild stretch of tissues Will still have normal flexibility Mildly painful with activity

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons 2 nd degree strain Moderate l Partial tearing of muscle/tendon fibers l Tenderness and decreased ROM l Susceptible to full tear if not treated properly l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons 3 rd degree strain Complete rupture of muscle or tendon l Unable to move joint, total loss of function l Muscle will “ball up” l Potentially lots of pain and spasm l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons Spasm Involuntary twitching or contraction of muscle l Protection mechanism l Happens after an injury to limit joint ROM to prevent further injury l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES – Muscles and Tendons Tendinitis l l Inflammation of a tendon Chronic injury Tendon will be painful & swollen Severe tendonitis will have crepitus l Crepitus – crunchy, gravelly feeling in a tendon when the muscle contracts

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa l Bursa – small, thin fluid filled sac that aids with friction b/n skin, tendons, and muscles l When inflammed, bursa will fill with fluid l Looks like a golf ball under the skin l

CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Fascitis Inflammation of a fascia l Fascia – broad, flat, tendon-like structure that provides support for surrounding tissues and structures l